Global Business Cultural Analysis In Turkey Commerce Essay

orbiculate Business Cultural Analysis In dud Commerce turn outPeculiarities of running caper and trans field parleys argon drively associate to the finish of the awkward. Globalization of the scrimping has undoubtedly become a ordinarily accepted phenomenon. Even sm both and medium assembly linees, wanting or not, pillow slip problems of inter studyistic note relationships be it the purchase of equipment, materials or other employment and procurement activities, search for partners or investors, not to mention the direct competitor with multinational companies in their own domestic food market. Larger dictati cardinalrs of market, in cab atomic number 18t with its inevitable saturation, argon forced to think about entering the international arena.All these factors make the study of goal of c whollying relationships and international communication increasingly relevant for managers. Awareness about the peculiarities of a particular culture, the exponent to c onsider and use these peculiarities in practice help around companies quick and at less cost to establish relations with partners, and others to deal to a great extent effectively with rivals. The knowledge of the features of international communication is excessively useful for managers running(a) in international companies, since they help to better adapt to a unusual environment, understand the requirements of top-management, permissible frames of conduct and, accordingly, to move faster through the ranks. study dimensions of culture in jokesterand their baffle on Turkish economy and business practicesWhen construction business relationships, finding partners for business, maturation privy business in the territory of another res publica, it is always necessary to take into composition the totality of the rules of business etiquette and specializedities of traditions of each heathen environment. dud has long been a secular state with European style of doing busi ness, simply it should be re fragmented that the influence of Islam, though not pronounced in new-fangled condemnations is reflected in many aspects of the Turkish business etiquette and bears a deep cultural meaning. jokester combines European and Middle East traditions in the business culture, therefore earthy business etiquette here has some nuances which are useful to know for building triple-crown and lasting business relationships. Lets consider these nuances.First, joker has a sufficiently healthful developed family-owned business with a light sended hierarchy. Family traditions in washout are very(prenominal) important, both in life and in business (Burnaz, 2009).Second, different spheres of life in misfire are influenced by religion. If the partners are religious people, one should come on in school principal that Friday is a sanctified day for Muslims when they visit temple to pray, so no important business meetings and negotiations should be appointed on thi s day. Ramazan is a month-long sacred abstinence of on the whole Muslims, during which one cannot eat, drink, smoke cigarettes from sunrise to sunset. This should be kept this in mind when planning a business lunch or dinner in a restaurant. During Ramazan it is better to appoint business meetings with Turkish Muslims after sunset, however, if it is attainable to obviate them, it is better to postpone all negotiations until after Ramazan. Many dud residents leave on vacation in July or August, so the put of summer is not the best clipping for negotiations and business meetings, dapple from October to whitethorn is the close to active and fruitful percentage point for Turkish business culture (Burnaz, 2009 OECD scotch Surveys joker, 2010).It should be re segmented that as in any other country, manners and respect for etiquette in business in bomb is especially important. level-headed personalised relationships based on trust and mutual respect play a significant role in building business relationships with Turkish partners, therefore, before proceeding to business negotiations, it is necessary to show them openness and bent for friendship and to emphasize the mutuality of benefits (Burnaz, 2009 Ararat, 2008, Gupta, 2009).Motivation in negotiating with the Turks should be clear and precise. It is very important in the process of business negotiations to clearly dodging the advantages and profitability of a proposal for the Turkish side, although it is not the only liaison a benefit may be expressed in for Turkish partners. Instead of profits it is recommended to focus often on such points of the act as increased authority and baron. Respect, recognition and other intangible benefits may also affirm a positive impact on the gist of business negotiations in Turkey (Gupta, 2009).Thus, understanding that Turkish culture is very different from European or American business culture is a big step in doing business in Turkey and with the Turks. It takes exertion and age to learn all the ins and outs, only if the Turks also show pains towards exoticers and willing to make allowances for any mistake or error in etiquette made by a outsideer.In general, Turkey is an attractive country to do business with the positive dynamics in the economy. Turkey managed to avoid large losses that might have occurred as a exit of the global economic crisis of 2008-2009 (Turkey passes the crisis test, 2009). Having analyzed the economic tuition of Turkey for the period from 2002 to the present day, it can be argued that the state of the economy has become especially favorable, due to the on a lower floor factors (OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010 Turkey passes the crisis test, 2009 Turkey Business environment at a glance, 2011 Aydin, 2006) The currency reform in Turkey, 2002 reforms in societal security and health care assess reform beneficial for entrepreneurs TOK Innovations (Housing organisation Projects) gave impetus to the d evelopment of national construction companies State nourish for blue and medium-sized enterprises, which constitute 97% of the Turkish economy Increased economic harvest-festival in Turkey, which is largely due to the auto fluid industry, real estate and framework industry Successful enthronements in tourism Active development of the logistics sphere of influence in Europe New international communications and new markets the most promising emerging markets for Turkey are China, South Korea, India, BRIIC group, as well(p) as markets of Pakistan and Bangladesh Regional and neighborly development 40% of the EU bud bring on is al fixed to regional development and social infrastructure Funding at the expenditure of TOBB (the Union of domiciliate and Commodity Exchange of Turkey) Development of nobleer schooling there are already 95 populace and 45 private universities in Turkey.Apart from that, the governing of the mutualwealth of Turkey considers foreign direct investmen t as the driving force of economic development and prosperity of the country. Turkey has one of the most liberal intelligent regimes for FDI among the member countries of the fundamental law for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Except for some heavenss, businesses that are open to the private sector in Turkey are mostly open to foreign partners and investors (OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010). Nevertheless, all investors, regardless of nationality, face a number of specific obstacles characteristic of developing Eastern countries excessive bureaucracy, slacken acting arbitrator arrangement, naughty pryes, corpo array governance weaknesses, sometimes unpredictability of the decisions taken at local government level, as well as frequent changes in principle and regulatory framework (Gupta, 2009).However, foreign investment regulation, for the most part, is transparent. Turkey supports national regime, including the purchase of real estate by foreign gravid c ompanies registered in accordance with Turkish law, and in most sectors no investment audit is provided (only notification is required). The Turkish organisation supports the principle of transparency with the associated nation as a precondition for the acquisition of real estate by foreigners, and imposes a limit of 2.5 hectare of property acquired by foreign someones. Individuals cannot own more than than than 10% of the nation in any of the areas of industrial development (Kalafatoglu, 2010 Keyman, 2005).The supreme share of foreign equity participation is limited to 25% in broadcasting and 49% in aviation and maritime transport. Establishment of companies crack fiscal services including banking and insurance, as well as oil-related companies, requires special leave from the Government of Turkey for both domestic and foreign investors. In practice, regulators do not restrict foreign ownership in the financial sector in 2005 and 2006 a series of acquisitions by foreign per sons were approved, and several foreign financial companies has been operating in Turkey for a long time (Ulusoy, 2009).The privatization process in Turkey is currently going on. The Government of the majority rule of Turkey privatizes the state economic enterprises through selling lots of securities, public offerings, or a combination of both. The total amount of transactions in the Turkish privatization program amounted to 8.1 zillion dollars in 2006, 4.3 billion dollars in 2007, and 6.3 billion dollars in 2008. The state continues privatization process, scorn the fact that the reduction of global financial flows, which began in 2008, may entail certain obstacles (Ulusoy, 2009 OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010).Bureaucratic delays use to be significant obstacles to both national and foreign companies. However, recent reforms have simplified the process of establishment of companies, reduced the requirements to obtain permits, set a single form of adaption of companies and ena bled individuals to register their businesses in the Union of Chambers and Commodities Exchange of Turkey.Cross-cultural summary business cultures of ground forces and TurkeyGenerally, deuce polar opposite styles of management are distinguished, and consequently, business relation cultures American or Western and Oriental styles. They are fundamentally different in structure of army and exchange of information, separation and segregation of duties, arcdegree of standardization, coordination and subordination.The American system is characterized by management based on science, individualism and personal responsibility, a clear division of labor, specialization, planning based on the analysis of large amounts of quantitative information. Oriental management system is based on collective responsibility, rotation system, long-term rush planning, equation of employees to the company and its usage (Burnaz, 2009 Gupta, 2009).At the same time, in line with the Western style, there has tardily distinguished a pan-European, also partly inherent to Turkey as an EU member, with a simultaneous focus on economic and social indicators, such as a guaranteed opportunity for staff development, involvement of employees in decision-making process, the stress on favorable climate in the company (Burnaz, 2009 Gupta, 2009).However, despite the tendency to unify business methods and communication standards, we believe that the explicit eternal sleeps in business culture will remain in the forthcoming.Despite the vast variety of business cultures, there are methods to predict certain aspects of air of representative of a certain culture. unitarys of the most applicable methods are the categorisation of countries according to G. Hofstedes four variative characteristics reflecting basic residues of cultural values, and contextual ranking of cultures, proposed by E. Hall (Cateora, 2000).According to these theories, the USA is a notable event of a country with a high offi ce of individualism (IDV=91), when a recount individual poorly integrates itself into the group, and strong individualistic mentality is observed with a focus on the magnificence of personal life and initiative. The Turkish society is rather a society where the mentality of community relations dominates, so it is based on morality, sense of duty, predominance of the interests of the collective over the individual ones, and loyalty (IDV=37) (Table 1).Another important cultural dimension is the parameter of power ( ranked) distance. Power distance index measures the tolerance of the society towards social inequality, i.e., inadequate distribution of power amidst superior and subordinate members of the social system. The degree of distancing shows the relation of employees to the power of managers. Turkey has a culture with a high index of power distance (PDI=66), and power in Turkey may even be inherited. Here there is a significant inequality between the members of the society wh o are at different social levels and difference in the privileges, which are perceived by the members of the society for granted. In countries with a low power distance index, like USA (PDI=40), the reverse linguistic rule is observed (Table 1).The next quality largely determined by culture is the control of the level of uncertainty, which shows the extent to which members of a cultural community are programmed to bring outdom of action in unstructured non-standard situations. In this aspect, the USA and Turkey also hold totally different positions. As a country with high uncertainty avoidance index, Turkey (UAI=85) is less resistant to stress, more concerned with security issues and following the rules, which leads to poor perception of change and slow adaptation to new ideas. USA is characterized by culture with low UAI (UAI=46) associated with greater mobility, willingness to take risks, innovation, tendency to rely on knowledge, rather than absolute knowledge (Table 1).Moreove r, the USA is rather a country described by Hofstede as the country with masculinity behavior (MAS=62), i.e. dominance, encouragement to competition, high demands, desire for career getments and entrepreneurship, greed and passion for capital accumulation, lack of caring about others. In contrast, though attached now to the European community, Turkey still belongs to womanhood pattern (MAS=45) and the prevailing values are humility and altruism, gender equality, emphasis on serving people, mutual aid (Table 1).Table 1. Indexing USA and Turkey depending on cultural values by Hofstede.CountryIDV be by IDV*PDIRanking by PDIUAIRanking by UAIMASRanking by MASUSA911403846436215Turkey37286618/198516/174532/33* Classification among 53 countries of the world, by 2000. (Cateora, 2000)In addition to the parameters identified by Hofstede, the predominant and characteristic of the culture type of communication is of great importance in the typology of business cultures. On this parameter, all n ations can be be by the degree of cultural contextuality. Recent studies have revealed a high correlation between high/low-contextuality and the Hofstedes indices of individualism/collectivism, and hierarchical level of distancing (Cateora, 2000).Thus, low-context American culture shares relatively low hierarchical differences and high level of individualism. On the contrary, high-context Muslim culture is typically characterized by a significant difference between the hierarchical levels and low levels of individualism. Therefore, the majority of modern managers, employees of international companies, are more effective in countries with the low-context language, since they are relying on the reports, contracts and other acts enter in writing. But even in low-context cultures, communication is largely subject on cultural differences (Cateora, 2000 Gupta, 2009).High-context cultures require a considerable period of time before starting the business part of the relationship, becaus e future partners must get to know each other for joint business. For example, if one cannot find time and desire to drink coffee and talk about abstract topics, one cannot advance to the business part of the conversation (Cateora, 2000 Gupta, 2009).Another indicator is the witnesser of power and level of authority, which is a direct consequence of the level of the hierarchical distance, as it combines the effect of the power structure in business with the circumstance and position of manager in the community, depending on the size of the company, publicity, type of property, and cultural values. In Turkey, the decisions are mainly made exclusively by the head of the company, who prefers to deal only with senior executives of other companies. Business here is not between companies or divisions, but between individuals. The latter also marrow that in case of leadership changes from one side or another, the achieved agreements may lose their power, if trust relationships arent re-e stablished between new top executives of companies. Besides, the decentralized system, common for the U.S., enables managers at various levels to make decisions relevant to their functions, which is not common for Turkey (Ararat, 2008 Gupta, 2009).Thus, the obvious conclusion is that it is necessary for the authoritarian cultures as well as companies with a decentralized power structure to correctly determine the decision-makers, while working with companies in which decisions are taken by consensus, it is important to entice each member of the committee or group.Peculiarities of conducting business in TurkeyBusiness in Turkey is quite difficult to arrange. But the results of registration of the business in Turkey and certain investments can be easily recouped. Peculiarities of doing business in Turkey determine such things as cut-rate sale and purchase, opening bank accounts, measure system, offshore, ready business, small business and profitability of big business.In general, 2 011 will be very important for Turkey. In June, the general election will be held. The current government has been successful in many areas of the economy although some serious problems still remain. Therefore, resister political parties should form new political-economic strategies with respect to the above areas. Turkey has to achieve significant economic growth, reduce unemployment, ensure social justice, and resolve valuate issues. If it is done succeeds, it will be able to join the BRIIC (Kalafatoglu, 2010 OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010).The Government of Turkey since 2001 has been implementing a comprehensive program designed to accelerate all the procedures related to investments and attract more direct foreign capital into the country. The national body, the Coordinating Council for the Improvement of the Investment Environment (YOIKK) provides methodological support in this issue. In addition, in 2004 the Investment Advisory Council for Turkey (IAC) was established, w hose recommendations serve as a guide for YOIKK, and activities undertaken within the Councils recommendations are published in one-year reports of the Treasury of Turkey on the activities of IAC (Keyman, 2005).The government continues to implement legislative reforms, some of which are aimed at attracting foreign investment to Turkey. The draft of National legislative Network, a project of automation and integration completed the process of developing the technical infrastructure in 2008, designed to accelerate the execution of business cases by facilitating the communicate of documents and transcripts of court proceedings and give the opportunity to file away an application online. In addition, the government simplified the approach shot of foreign investors to justice, including sanctioned advice and Alternative Dispute Resolution, supported by the U.S., EU and World hope (Turkey Business environment at a glance, 2011 Kalafatoglu, 2010).Turkey made the tax system more conv enient for investors as well. In 2006 the basic rate of income tax was reduced from 30 to 20%. The government also scrub the income tax for foreign investors who own bonds, notes and shares, preserving it for bank deposits and repurchase transactions. In 2007 tax administration established a division designed to manage taxes collection from large corporations (Keyman, 2005). However, the Government of Turkey has not yet managed to implement come on tax reforms, including reducing the tax on wages, which is one of the highest among OECD members. The Turkish Government also increased the VAT on leasing transactions from 1 to 18% in 2007. Special consumption tax on alcoholic beverages in 2008 reached 275.6% with the minimum requirements for special tax based on market prices of products (Ulusoy, 2008).Turkish laws affecting the investment climate continues to develop. It guarantees freedom of transfer of profits, fees and royalties and repatriation of capital. This guarantee is refle cted in the bilateral investment treaties between Turkey and the United States in 1986, and in some similar agreements, which regulate the unlimited and proper handling of all funds related to investment in a freely convertible currency in the self-regulating market (Treaties and Agreements, Turkey-United States, 1986). Turkey is a member of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Turkey also validate the Convention Establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) in 1987. Turkish law provides the confirmation of international arbitration execution of investment disputes between foreign investors and the state. Turkeys is also a member of the WTO Agreement on craftsmanship Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) (Keyman, 2005 Ulusoy, 2008).Turkey investment stimuli system was significantly change in 2006 to support manufacturing industry, energy sector, and export. General regime of investment incentives suggests tax benefits and, in s ome cases, the contingency of lending. Turkish Treasury also regulates some issues regarding interest rates on investment loans for small and medium enterprises, RD projects, environmental protection, as well as projects in 50 provinces, where the annual income per capita is below 1500 U.S. dollars. For such provinces, the law provides income tax incentives, social insurance benefits, free land and reduced electricity cost up to 20-50% (Ulusoy, 2009 OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010).In RD sphere, scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV) deal with reimbursements for RD and capital borrowing. Projects that get such benefits include development concepts, engineering research, technical feasibility evaluation, concept-to-design laboratory researches, samples study, test products production, experimental facilities construction, product testing, observable research and design problems solutions. In addit ion to these incentives, the Government of Turkey provides support for technological development zones, which involves the creation of infrastructure and production facilities, exemption from taxes, VAT, income taxes and revenues, and from customs duty duties for special IT-sector. Moreover, export stimulating program is focused on RD, market research, and participation in international exhibitions and fairs.In Turkey, no technical requirements for the beginning, slaying and expansion of investment projects are provided. There are also no restrictions to the acquisition by investors of goods from national sources and exporting specific percentage of products. Investors access to foreign currency does not affect exports. There are also no restrictions for domestic companies to own shares of foreign investors for the fact that the proportion of foreign shares will be gradually reduced or investor will transfer its technology on certain terms. There are also no conditions established by the state in terms of the permission to invest, including the localization of function in specialized geographic areas, specific percentage of national resources for the production of goods and services, national shares packages, import substitution, export requirements, employment of the population the investor technically located in, technology transfer and financing from national sources (Ulusoy, 2008 Ulusoy, 2009 OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010).The Government of the Republic of Turkey does not force investors to disclose proprietary information or any other kind of information different from the publicly operational one during the process of obtaining permission from the supervisory authority. Companies with foreign capital are to send a report on their activities, submitted to the General Assembly of shareholders, the auditors report, and balance sheet in the Foreign Investment Department of the Treasury yearly in May.Except for issues relating to openness to foreign investment and transparency of the system of regulation, Turkey provides all the rights, benefits, deductions and privileges available to national capital and companies, as well as foreign capital and companies on the basis of most raise nation regime (for selected countries). For example, American and other foreign firms can infix in publicly funded programs and programs of subsidizing research and development on the basis of national treatment.The Government of the Republic of Turkey has adopted policies and laws that, for the most part, should promote free competition and transparency in business. However, foreign companies in some sectors kick back that the regulations are not transparent and understandable from time to time. One should keep in mind that Turkey is an observer, but not a member of World Trade Organisations Commission on Government Procurement.However, Turkey is an actively developing country, which tries to keep pace on all the contemporary European and Americ an innovations. One of the most perspective areas in Turkey is mesh and mobile commerce. For instance, recent researches show that mobile merchandising has acquired great popularity with the development of technology SMS since 2000 in Europe and different parts of Asia. Over the quondam(prenominal) few years SMS-messages have become a major ad channel in Turkey, and many experts even tend to view Turkey as an innovator in mobile marketing (Demirbag, 2008).The vivid example of this success is the experience of the Turkish branch of Pepsi, which in the last 3 years has been one of the most active players using mobile marketing tools. To date, according to the data of Pepsi Turkey, the level of participation in promotional campaigns conducted by the department is the highest in the category. The company uses mobile technologies, because it considers them more effective than TV tool to provide an opportunity for interactive communication with Turkish consumers. One of the campaigns i ntroduced by Pepsi offered consumers wallpapers and ringtones, including the famous song Da Da Da. Over the flow of a promotional campaign, users downloaded more than 200,000 ringtones (Tsalikis, 2009). Turkish companies (like Finansbank, BP, FritoLay) proved that simplicity and possibility of immediate gratification are of great importance for the Turkish consumer, and the mobile channel can provide this effect (Demirbag, 2008).In general, the trust of Turkish consumers continues to rise since February 2010, reaching 85.8. This is the highest level over the past 14 months (OECD Economic Surveys Turkey, 2010). According to the report published by the Institute of Statistics of Turkey in 2010 jointly with the Central Bank of Turkey, the index of consumer say-so amounting to 85.8 points is the highest mark since February of 2009 when it amounted to 87.60% (Tsalikis, 2009). The index started to rise since November 2009, after reaching a record low value of 78.38 points. If the index exceeds 100, it means that consumers are optimistic, and if it equals to 100, it means that consumers are neither optimistic, nor pessimistic, but if the index is below 100, it indicates pessimistic consumers (Aydin, 2006). The report determines the growth of the index of consumer confidence through the increase of the purchasing power of consumers in the current and future period, the general state of the economy and employment opportunities in the coming quarter. closedownThe research has shown that Turkey is characterized by the specific business culture, experiencing the influence of European Union, USA, and its Asian partners. Belonging rather to eastern patterns of business culture, Turkey differs very much form the United States in the major cultural indicators, such as indices of power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and type of business behavior (masculinity vs. femininity).However, in recent years, Turkey demonstrates high indicators of economy growth, op enness to reforms, laws adjustments and democratic investment policy, which makes Turkey a favorable business partner. In addition, Turkish policy and legislation on labor, health and safety do not impede investment, although legal restrictions on firing workers may create obstacles to labor-intensive activities in the lump economy. The specific tax policy sometimes hinders investment decisions, e.g. high tax revenue of beverages, similar to Coca-Cola, hinders investment in the sector. However, serious tax incentives for free sell zones provide incentives to invest in these zones. Similarly, incentives for investment in certain low-income provinces are designed to increase investments in these areas.Nowadays, international credit rating agencies take a firm stand that the investment level of the Turkish economy is still not high, but markets do not express much concern. Credit default swaps insuring Turkish securities against default for 5 years, are estimated at 1.84%. And while the Eurozone is struggling with figure deficits, Turkey states huge budget surplus due to the growth of tax revenues. Turkey is considered to be a country of investment grade in the market of credit default swaps after its dollar-denominated bonds started to exceed the bonds of developing countries in Europe largely due to accelerated economic growth.According to overture estimates of the Government, the economy of Turkey grew in first quarter by 12%, which allowed the Prime Minister of Turkey to claim that Turkeys credit rating wont be reduced in the coming 6-10 months. Generally, the country retains the trend towards emolument of economic performance, development and innovation, which opens new perspectives for foreign investment, collaboration and partnership.

Gender Equality in Education: Violence Against Women

Gender Equality in Education power Against Wo handsGender Inequality in Education Obstacle for Teachers to Fight Against violenceNidhi Singh, Shashi BhartiAbstract individualnel against women and girls is champion of the most systematic and widespread benevolent rights violations. It is grow in sexualityed loving structures rather than individual and random acts it cuts crosswise age, socio- frugal, didacticsal and geographic boundaries affects all societies and is a major obstacle to windup sex inequality and discrimination globally. (UN ecumenical Assembly, 2006). Teachers atomic number 18 worshipped as theology because the God himself says that the way to reach him is shown by the teachers. In this publisher gender inequality is addressed and it is seen that commencement exercise of all the mindset should be changed that they be not the superior players and they could do boththing with eachone and it could be however do by teachers as they allow read and try to change the mindset. nose count entropy of Uttar Pradesh is looked up, manly and effeminate comparison is through. The latest census data of 2011 is analyzed and it could be said that diverse scheme ar their for the instruction of fe males nevertheless hitherto the development is not up to the mark so how watch the violence could be decreased.Keywords Education, violence, gender inequality, literacy rate and development founding force-out against women and girls is one of the most systematic and widespread human rights violations. It is expeled in gendered social structures rather than individual and random acts it cuts across age, socio-economic, educational and geographic boundaries affects all societies and is a major obstacle to ending gender inequality and discrimination globally. (UN General Assembly, 2006)The unite Nations defines violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychologi cal harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in sequestered life (General Assembly Resolution 48/104 Declaration on the voidance of Violence against Women, 1993).Teacher are said to be an ideal nature for the development of the nation.A well know proverb is Guru Govind dono khade kake lagu paay, Balihari Guru aapki Govind diyo batay. (Sant Kabir) Kabir wrote this verse to peach the glory of Guru, without whose help, one cannot cross this ocean of worldlylife. He asks, If both, Guru and God in form of Govind were to appear at the door, whose feet will I worship first? He answers, It has to be the Gurus feet first, because without him, how would I have recognized (known) God?Women constitute nearly half of the population of the world. Education of women is considered an important anaesthetise in the development of the club and if society is developed it will organize nimble part in the development of the nation. Women are directd than only they will equal to(p) to look and fight after the negative issues face up by them in a positive manner. If each and every utter of the democracy of matter is educated then only the overall growth of the country is possible.India comprises of 29 recounts and 6 Union Territories. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous and 4th largest state of union of India.Uttar Pradesh is located in the northern part of India. The literal signification of Uttar Pradesh is Northern Province. With the adoption of constitution of republic India on January 26, 1950, the state of Uttar Pradesh, ethnical cradle of India, came into existence. On November 9, 2000, Uttar Pradesh was divided into two states Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal (later renamed as Uttarakhand) resulting in drastically altering the shape of the state. Lucknow is the administrative and legislative capital of the state part Kanpur is the financial and industrial capital. Th ere are in total 71 districts in this state.Today scenario it this as effeminate are taking active part for their empowerment scarcely after 15 forms it will change a lot intend the issues will increase and when one grows at an age of 21 she will have to face likewise many issues because it will change more fast. The figures stated are governance figures and they are policy-makingly influenced and not real figures. Tangible perception is distinct from reality and how this global change is taking place females have to counterfeit harder to match up with it.Addressing Gender Inequality to Decrease Violenceeducational reforms can play an important role in preventing violence against women by increasing educate safety, by empowering women through education, and by promoting better attitudes and practices among students with count to womens human rights.Gender inequality and discrimination are root causes of violence against women, influenced by the historical and structural p ower imbalances mingled with women and men which exist in varying degrees across all communities in the world.Violence against women and girls is related to their lack of power and control, as well as to the social norms that prescribe men and womens roles in society and condone abuse. Inequalities between men and women cut across public and private spheres of life, and across social, economic, cultural, and political rights and are manifested in restrictions and limitations on womens freedoms, choices and opportunities. These inequalities can increase womens and girls risks of abuse, violent relationships and exploitation, for example, due to economic dependency and limited survival and income-earning options, or discrimination under the law as it relates to marriage, divorce, and child custody rights.Violence against women and girls is not only a consequence of gender inequality, but reinforces womens low status in society and the multiple disparities between women and men. (UN G eneral Assembly, 2006)Women Education Prospects and ChallengesWomen Education is necessary because if a women is educated she would be able to empower herself for her rights, fight against discrimination, able to submit decision concerning herself, contribute to economic growth of nation, will be able to face all scientific and technological changes and will participate in world politics. In breach of all these knowledge and different programs running at Central and State level the Literacy Growth of female is not up to the mark in Uttar Pradesh as per the rules of National Planning Commission. In India literacy rate is figure if the person is able to read and write but the actual scenario is totally different because literacy is not honorable reading and writing but one should be able to understand all perspect. The Literacy rate of females of rural area was 36.90 shareage in 2001 and 53.65 percentage in 2011 which is low as compared to literacy rate of females in urban area s which was 61.73 percent in 2001 and 69.22 in 2011. Gender Inequality is seen clearly in Uttar Pradesh as per the Census data of 2011 which shows that 77.28 percent of male are literate as compared to female is 57.18 percent.TABLE 1 LITERACY RATE OF UTTAR PRADESH (PERCENTAGE-WISE) course of instruction phallic pistillate195119.24.1196132.18.4197135.011.2198146.716.7199154.824.4200170.243.0201177.357.2Source Different sourcesNote The literacy rate for year before 1981 was calculated for aged 5 year and above and from 1981 to 2011 it was calculated for 7 year and above.The above Table shows that how the literacy rate had been increased from 12.2 percent to 56.27 percent which is nearly 5 times increment but yet it is not up to the mark. The increase in male contribution is just 4 times which as compared to female is low because female percentage has risen from 4 to 57 which is a good sign but yet its below male percentage. This shows that still many females are unable to go to sc hool i.e. the conceit of gender inequality is there. So to bring equality for the developed India lot of work is to be done so that ther should be no fantasy of difference between male and female and violence could be decreased.Secondly it could be clearly seen that female are unable to go to school for the basic education that how could teachers could purport active part to make them aware and ready to face any kind of violence that take place with them.TABLE-2 DISTRICT WISE MALE AND FEMALE LITERACY IN UTTAR PRADESH AS PER 2011 CENSUSSL.NODISTRICTMALE LITERACYFEMALE LITERACY1Saharanpur79.77%63.30%2Muzaffarnagar79.11%60.00%3Bijnor78.70%61.45%4Moradabad66.83%49.63%5Rampur63.10%46.19%6Jyotiba Phule Nagar76.53%53.77%7Meerut82.91%65.69%8Baghpat84.17%61.22%9Ghaziabad88.16%81.42%10Gautam Buddha Nagar90.23%72.78%11Bulandshahr82.52%56.60%12Aligarh80.24%57.48%13Mahamaya Nagar83.83%60.79%14Mathura84.39%58.93%15Agra78.32%59.16%16Firozabad83.08%64.80%17Mainpuri86.93%68.35%18Budaun62.39%41.76 %19Bareilly69.47%50.35%20Pilibhit73.46%52.43%21Shahjahanpur70.09%51.73%22Kheri71.58%52.62%23Sitapur72.61%52.80%24Hardoi77.20%59.17%25Unnao77.06%58.54%26Lucknow84.27%73.88%27Rae Bareli79.39%58.06%28Farrukhabad79.34%60.51%29Kannauj82.36%64.46%30Etawah87.64%71.16%31Auraiya87.37%71.97%32Kanpur Dehat85.27%68.48%33Kanpur Nagar85.07%76.89%34Jalaun84.89%63.88%35Jhansi86.58%64.88%36Lalitpur76.41%52.26%37Hamirpur81.27%57.19%38Mahoba77.72%54.65%39Banda79.38%54.95%40Chitrakoot77.42%54.03%41Fatehpur78.69%57.76%42Pratapgarh85.29%60.99%43Kaushambi75.35%50.76%44Allahabad85.00%62.67%45Bara Banki72.49%54.10%46Faizabad80.21%60.72%47Ambedkar Nagar83.95%64.62%48Sultanpur81.99%60.17%49Bahraich60.23%40.76%50Shrawasti59.55%37.07%51Balrampur61.66%40.92%52Gonda72.23%49.13%53Siddharthnagar73.79%49.61%54Basti80.65%58.35%55Sant Kabir Nagar80.72%56.99%56Mahrajganj77.62%50.14%57Gorakhpur84.38%61.54%58Kushinagar80.10%54.74%59Deoria86.07%61.34%60Azamgarh83.08%62.65%61Mau84.61%65.59%62Ballia85.19%61.72%63Jaunpur86.0 6%61.70%64Ghazipur85.77%62.29%65Chandauli83.58%63.07%66Varanasi85.12%68.20%67Sant Ravidas Nagar (Bhadohi)83.87%57.79%68Mirzapur80.83%58.77%69Sonbhadra77.19%54.11%70Etah83.21%61.72%71Kanshiram Nagar72.91%50.20%Source http//updateox.com/india/district-wise-male-female-literacy-rate-in-india-2011-census/ 22nd February 2014 time 816 P.MThe above table shows that there is a vast difference between the male female literacy rates of U.P and if this rate is analyzed on the basis of urban and rural population is would be looked that female literacy is very low in rural areas. Guatam Budh Nagar has highest literacy of male i.e nerly 90 percent and the female literacy there is 72 percent, the difference in the same area is so much and concluding in Shrawasti district which is 60 percent and there female literacy is 37 percent, the difference is too much. In case of female highest is in Ghaziabad i.e. 81 percent and there male literacy is 88 percent and lowest in Shrawasti district where femal e literacy 37 percent and male literacy 60 percent hence it could be seen that the difference is vast which arises the case of gender inequality. Until and unless the thought of gender inequality could be withdrawn from the mind of the people of society it would be tough to decrease the violence against women. So, it could be said that teachers should take active part in convey people to come to school as it could be clearly seen that the difference between male female literacy is vast, and make them aware that there is no such thought of gender inequality and train them to reduce violence and fight against violence if they come to see anywhere.ConclusionIf you educate a man you educate an individual, however, if you educate a woman you educate a whole family. Women empowered means mother India empowered. PT. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU. Education is the main source to develop a healthy mindset to face all the good and bad things in the society. Women should be educated so that they could be able to discriminate the up and downs they come to face. Gender inequality should be treated well because if the thought of who is at a superior position should be erased from the mindset than the violence should be automatically decreased. Teachers should take active part in bringing female to the schools and make them aware of the negativities of the societies. Different programs are being ruined by government for the development of female but yet they are not sufficient some more movement should be taken.ReferencesBhandari, S., An Analysis of Women Education In India, Education Confab, Vol.3, No.2, February 2014, ISSN 2320-009X go out twenty-third February 2014, 510 P.MEnding Violence against Women and Girls Programming Essentials, 7 June 2013- http//www.endvawnow.org/uploads/modules/pdf/1372349234.pdfEngendering empowerment A companion volume to the E4 conferences http//www.ungei.org , United Nations Girls Education Initiative April 2012 terminal population Total Chapter 7, Census of India 2001- http//upgov.nic.in/upecon.aspx date twenty-third February 2014, 229 P.MPopulation Stabilization in Uttar Pradesh India Past, Present and Future Directions- www.gillespiefoundation.org/uploads/UP_Report_Total_Pages.pdfProvisional Population Totals Chapter 7, Census of India 2001 , Series 1, India, Paper 1 of 2001Seven stories http//www.region7saicenters.org/saidocuments/Seven Stories.pdfShah, R.N., Literacy browse in India, foreign Journal of Research in all Subjects in Multi Languages, Vol. 1, Issue7, October 2013 , ISSN 2321 2853State Highlights (Executive Summary)- censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results//UP/6-exe-summery-9-11.pdfSUGUNA, M., Education And Women Empowerment In India, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol.1 Issue 8, December 2011, ISSN 2231 5780United Nations General Assembly. 2006. In-Depth Study on All Forms of Violence against Women Report of the Secretary General. A/61/122/Add.1. United Nations, New York. February 2010- h ttp//www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/v-sg-study.htmlUttar Pradesh The State Profile, December 2011, PHD Chamber Of Commerce and fabricationWhy violence against women and girls happens, and how to prevent it by Michael Flood , August 2007- www.youthforequality.com/education/censusdataaboutliteracy.pdfhttp//updateox.com/india/district-wise-male-female-literacy-rate-in-india-2011-census/ dated 22nd February 2014, 816P.M.http//www.upefa.com/upefaweb/indexmain.php?do=menu2lmid=3 dated 23rd February 2014, 1112 A.Mhttp//upgov.nic.in/upecon.aspx dated 23rd February 2014, 229 P.Mhttp//www.mapsofindia.com/india-demographics.html dated 22nd February 2014 at 234 A.Mhttp//www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html, dated 23rd February 2014, 510 P.Mhttp//www.womenempowermentinindia.com/ dated 19th February 2014, 630 P.M

Changing Nutritional Requirements for Children

Changing Nutritional Requirements for electric razorrenHEALTH PROMOTION AND DEVELOPMENT social unitUbah A adan1. The viands for babies in the United Kingdom is normally slew on particular guidelines, which must be followed in order for the babies to farm in a normal and healthy way.The First six months. babe normally feed on breast milk or screw up formula. For the first six months breast milk is most nutritious and passing recommended. It contains a unique mix of fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, lactose, amino acid, enzymes and others.Important factors that mingle they make perfect forage for babies, its nutritious and easy for digestion. It has every social function tyke of necessity, Brain development, healthy growth and protection from illnesses.If the mother chooses non breastfeed the baby, topper option available is infant formula.Introducing solid food to the baby should only start after six months. Its recommended by health practitioners and likewise the gover nment policy in the UK, but if the baby feels hungry so often weaning can start onward six months but only with foods recommended by an infant nutritionist.thither ar foods which must be avoided at all cost for example mollusc addictsfishlivernutswheat and glutenseedsunpasteurised and muted cheesesalt starthoney and whole nuts6 to 9 monthsWhen the weaning is started a babys diet should imply the following types of foodsmilk and dairyfruit and vegetablesmeat and fishegg and beanspasta and sievestarchy foodsThere be mevery types of nimble baby foods and cereals that have got been specially designed for babies, but these foods can as well be easily prepargond and pureed at home with the use of a food blender, frozen individually into ice cube trays and used as needed.9 months +The recommended guidelines for servings of solid food portions at this age atomic number 182 servings per day of meat, fish, eggs or pulses3-4 servings per day of fruits and vegetables3-4 servings per day of potatoes, bread and riceFormula or breast milk can still be presumptuousness along with healthy fruit and cereal snacks.VITAMINSThe Department of wellness advises that although children should get the required make sense of vitamins from their food, they may be lacking in vitamin A, C and D which can be supplemented in the form of vitamin drops.Vitamin A helps children to see in dim light, supports and strengthens the immune administration, and ensures healthy skin is maintained.Vitamin C helps with the absorption of iron, and supports the immune system.Vitamin D helps to strengthen bones, and assists with the absorption of calcium.2. TYPES OF FOOD THAT SHUOLD BE AVOIDED BY YOUNG CHILDRENThere are some incompatible food types which are considered to be unsuitable for babies and young children. Parents and childcare providers must be very careful the food that is cooked for the children, and the formerly that is ready made.SALTBabies have ont need salt. Their kidneys a re too immature to cope with any added salt even the small amount of salt can deterioration their kidneys. Therefore salt should never be added to any food that is cooked for a baby.The guidelines provided by the food standards Agency for salt consumption for children are edulcorateHoney contains bacteria which can produce toxin in a babys intestine leading to infant botulism which is a very just illness. Its best not to give babies honey until they over 1 year old. Honey is a dulcorate so avoiding it will also help to prevent tooth decay.SUGARBaby doesnt need sugar by avoiding it you will prevent tooth delay and unnecessary incubus gain. dinero causes tooth decay in young children and can be easily prevented. By avoiding sugary intoxications and snakes you will help to prevent tooth decay. Children should be encouraged to drink milk and water.NUTSWhole nuts including peanuts should not be given to the children under the age of five, as they can choke on them. As long as there is no history of food allergies or other allergies in the babys family they can consume peanuts once they are six months old as long as they are crushed or grounded.LOW FAT FOODSFat is an important opening of calories and nigh(a)(prenominal) vitamins for babies and young children. Its better for babies and young children under 2 to have full fat milk, yogurts and cheeses. After the age of two amount of fat in diet can be gradually decreased. eggEggs can be given to children over the age of 6 months, yolks and whites should be well cooked to reduce the risk of salmonella infection.RAW SHELLFISH newfangled shellfish can increase the risk of food poisoning and are considered to be potentially allergenic foods it also harbours salmonella bacteria. So its best to avoid it.SWORDFISH, SHARK AND MARLINIt is best to avoid these foods as the amount of mercury in these fish can affect a babys growing nervous system.3. SPECIAL DIETARY REQUIREMEN AND CULTURAL REQUIREMENTSWhen children come unitedly at meal or snack time everyone should be feeding the same foods. However, there are some circumstances in which some children cannot eat the same foods. For example of some special dietary require includingSugar in all forms may be limited for a diabetic child.Fats and cholesterol may be limited for overweight children. particularized foods or additive may cause allergic reactions in some children.Cultural or ghostly preference may restrict particularized foods.Any dietary of necessity should be identified and documented and its important that staffs are trained in the importance of sticking to these needs or restrictions. Some food allergies can be life arduous all staff should know the specific food or broker restrictions, possible consequences and symptoms of food reactions and recommended first aid.Any dietary requirements should be gained from parents and enter and any food allergies documentation should be request from the childs doctor.Some children in child care have cultural and religious food preferences the child care provider and the parents need to work together in order to make sure that children with especial dietary needs receive appreciate foods.Examples of some cultural and religion practiceWhen enter special dietary requirements, there are many types of information that should be documented for examplechilds pissparents name and take aimemergency contactemergency instructions should ingestion of an allergic food occurnecessary medicationdoctor or health professionals name address, telephone numberparental and childcare provider signatureIn the case of emergency medication being required the childcare provider should have this information documented on a separate medical exam form and keep the medication in a locked container.A Child record form for a new child joining a home at child care setting with specific dietary requirement may look as followed4. CHILDHOOD CHRONIC DISEASESThere are many health problems during infa nt and childhood, but mostly they are mild and they do not interfere with their daily life and development. For some children thus far chronic health hold backs affect everyday life passim their childhood, Including asthma, diabetes, cystic fibrosis and cerebral palsy.1. ASTHMAAsthma is a long bourne condition that can cause a cough, wheezing and breathlessness. The severity of the symptoms is different from person to person. Approximately 1 in 10 children being bear on asthma in the UK.The cause of asthma is not fully understood, however trigger can bring symptoms of asthma, and anything that irritates the airways brings on symptoms of asthma. These are different from person to person and people with asthma may have several triggers.Triggers accommodate house dust, animal fur, pollen, tobacco smoke and others.Asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways these are the small tubes called bronchi which carry air in and out of the lungs.If you have asthma the bronchi will be flamed and will be more erogenous than normal.Asthma may also affect children emotionally as the attacks may be frightening them.2. DIABETESDiabetes is life long conditions that cause persons blood sugar level to become too high. In the UK approximately 2.8million people are affected by diabetes. There are two types of diabetes type 1 and type 2.*Type1 is usually diagnosed in adolescence and is controlled insulin injections.* Type 2 is usually diagnosed in adulthood and is controlled by diet and tablets.Symptoms common to both types of diabetes are weight loss, feeling very tired and feeling very thirsty and urinating frequency.3. cystic FIBROSISCystic fibrosis is a genetic condition in which lungs and digestive system become clogged with the thick sticky mucus.Symptoms start in other(a) childhood and include cough, chest infections and poor weight. There is no redress for cystic fibrosis so the aim of the treatment is to ease the symptoms and make the condition easier to live w ith.Treatments include therapies, diet, medication, exercise and physiotherapy to remove mucus from the lungs.4. rational PALSY cerebral palsy is a general term cover version a number of neurological conditions that effect a childs movements and coordination.Neurological conditions affect the brain and nervous system. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the brain which normally occurs before, during or soon after birth.It is estimated that 1 in every 400 children in UK is effected by Cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy can put a great deal of strain on the body which can cause problems in subsequent life. There is no cure cerebral palsy but the many of treatment can help relieve symptoms and increase childs independent and self-esteem.These include physiotherapy, occupational therapy and medications.GUIDED ACTIVITYhttps//osclinks.com/84https//osclinks.com/85https//osclinks.com/86https//osclinks.com/87https//osclinks.com/88https//osclinks.com/89https//osclinks.com/90https//osclinks.c om/91https//osclinks.com/92https//osclinks.com/93https//osclinks.com/94

Emergence of management accounting

maturation of watchfulness historyIntroduction heed accountancy upholds with providing cultivation for internal users, mainly the managers. Since they are the section of people who conduces and controls the operations of the firm, the in doation that Management Accounting provides is very useful. Some of the basic forethought activities are Planning Considering mixed alternatives and choosing the best among them. Control Ensure that the chosen plan is being followed and whether there are in line with the objectives of the firm. say and Motivating Activities need to be remindered and employees need to be motivated and boost to ensure smooth and effective functioning of the organisation (Seal, W et al., 2006).Emergence of Management AccountingThe concept of Management Accounting evolved during the Industrial whirling of the 19th century. During that period, most of the companies were controllight-emitting diode and owned by a few managers. blow up pecuniary reports wer e not demanded as there were no external shareholders. The twentieth century saw a lot of changes in the economy companies were required to submit detailed financial reports in order to satisfy the superior markets, taxation purposes and creditors (Seal, W et al., 2006). Earlier, achievement technology was simple, with products passing through a series of distinct phases of takings. So, it was easier to identify the associated material and labor make up, frankincense direct labor was utilise as the basis for assigning indirect be to products (Ashton, D et al., 1995).Role of Modern Management AccountingOrganizations are beneath pressure to not only make finishs on a solar daytime to day basis but also to chalk out a plan that will function them to survive and maturate in the always changing market place, considering the fact that they will be faced with ambivalent circumstances. The main role of modern management account acresment is to provide the confused levels o f management with cultivation that is relevant to make sound decisions and to add foster to the family. It is slightly different from traditional accounting because they provide managers with essential information in time to frame targets, minimize the terms, develop standards, monitor performances and work variances, thereby improving the quality of the products with reduced wastage. Apart from these, Management accounting aids in improving the flexibility and innovative capacity of the arrangement, thus making continuous changes to improve its financial and non financial performance to put up on track with the rapidly changing economy (Atkinson, Anthony A et al., 1997) (Prit, 2009). make an organizationManagement Accounting drop help shape an organization in the following waysProvides accurate and timely information to help cut be, measure and improve the productivity.Information on product addresss helps in the introduction of new products in the market, pricing decisi ons and, if required, abandonment of old products. For colossal and decentralized organizations, it is essential to motivate employees victimisation appropriate incentives and benefits. This decision is based on the results provided by the management accounting agreement.Acts as a communication tool which the upper management uses to communicate with the middle and lower management and vice versa. Information about the organizational goals and strategy is passed on to the operational divisions and feedback is communicated back to the upper management (Kaplan, Robert S., 1987).Binds the operational and strategic goals unitedly in order to ensure that the performances of the operational divisions are aligned with the organizational goals (Ashton, D et al., 1995).Management Accounting shaped by organizationAn organization roll in the hay also stick an fix on this accounting governance in the following waysIn order to successfully grow in the rapidly advancing market, client s atisfaction has wrick the prize focus. This affects the kind of information required by the organization and demands sophisticated form of management accounting system. Since organizations are divided into sub units, the interdependence among them would be very high. As a result the dynamics of the information take has changed.Due to increased coordination among organizations, the gap in the midst of suppliers and employees are getting narrow. This has led to changes in the way that organizations collect and use management accounting information (Atkinson, Anthony A et al., 1997).A major computer revolution has brought about a signifi go offt reduction in the information collection and offshooting be and has eased the work of accountants (Kaplan, Robert S., 1987).Management Accounting a Global phenomenonThe quarrel faced by companies today is the alignment of local affair processes with the world-wide objectives and strategies. Since the organizations are widely dispersed a nd decentralized, integration of the sub units and its operations has become vital in order to compete in the orbiculate market. This requires management of various(a) organizational relationships, internal, external, vertical, hierarchical, horizontal and lateral ties. In the growing global economy, management accounting is required toManage the flow of vertical and lateral information within organizations. Integrate and coordinate activities of units regain in various locations (Scapens, R et al., 2007) (Ashton, D et al., 1995).Reduction in tariffs, ease in ecumenical transportation and removal of other trade barriers has increased competition as more and more companies are entering the market, thus, the need for management accounting is increasing too. For grammatical case Since business is expanding widely, outsourcing has become a great deal and countries like India and China are leading the way in this field of study and hand a competitive edge over other firms (Seal, W et al., 2006).Impact of globalizationManagement accounting is shaped by various changes in the global environment, such asRapidly changing business climate has increased the research opportunities in the area of management accounting. many of the countries in the world are re-structuring themselves. Countries like Taiwan, India and parts of Eastern atomic number 63 are slowly moving into large scale privatization. This has the altered the global competition scene.Shaping global organizationManagement Accounting plays a major role in shaping the globalAids in stabilizing transfer of currency and the transfer of goods and knowledge between companies located in different countries.Manages the fluctuations in currency by the purchase of financial instruments like futures and options.En fitteds coordination and integration among the various activities of a glob completelyy dispersed organization. Helps to monitor and evaluate the performance of its subsidiaries (Ashton, D et al., 1995 ).Helps in building stronger political relationships between the firm and the government of the country where it has its operations. These ties can have positive impact in the form of tax breaks, subsidies etc. 3 Recent developments in Management Accounting Techniquesa) equilibrize Score brainThis technique consists of an interconnected set of performance measures that are derived from and also helps the companys strategy. It develops a strategy for the company to further it objectives successfully (Seal, W et al., 2006). The characteristics of this techniqueHelps the management to clearly state the vision and strategy in a tangible form.Helps in communicating the objectives and strategy to the employees and encourages them to set individual goals and align them to the organizational objectives.Develops measures to evaluate the performance. quadruple perspectives of a Balanced score railcardFinancial- come to with profitability. Customer- concerned with customer satisfaction, r etention of previous customers and acquiring new ones.Internal handicraft process- concerned with the internal processes that will help in attracting and retaining customers.Learning and growth- concerned with the want term growth and development of the organization.The balanced score card is used in both the manufacturing and service sectors. An example of a company in a service sector that uses this technique is the National policy Company. It is the station division of one of the major US insurance companies. In the course of instruction 1993 they launched the score card technique with revenue of $4 billion dollars. unluckily this never worked for the company and ended up making big losses, until a management team was brought in to make repairs. They moved the company from a generalist strategy to a specialized one, thus, helping National Insurance to regain the profitable position in the economy. The balanced score card technique has its advantages and disadvantages.Advan tagesHelps in providing periodic and systematic feedback. Helps in quantifying the vision and objectives of the organization.Helps to set individual goals and aligns them with the organizational objectives, thus, uplifting the morale of the workforce.It focuses on both, financial and non financial factors(Kaplan, R.S Norton, D. P,1996) (Balanced circuit board for Corus Group PLC).DisadvantagesBalanced score card is all about ontogenesis a strategy and if the management devises an ill-defined and undecipherable one, it will lead to a futile and confusing score card.sometimes looked upon as a purely top down approach, where the strategy is created at the top and imposed upon the employees (Balanced Scorecard Panacea or poisoned chalice?).The implementation of this technique can be time consuming and laborious and whitethorn not include the interests of the shareholders, suppliers and employees (Balanced Scorecard for Corus Group PLC) (Kaplan, R.S Norton, D. P, 1996).b) tho in tim eThis management technique was first developed in Japan by Taiichi Ohno in the 1970s. Toyota Motors Corporation was the first one to drive Just in clock technique as part of its production system. In this technique raw materials go into production as in short as they are received, the manufactured parts are completed exactly in time to go into the assembling process and they are shipped to the customers as soon as they are completed. The main features are, materials would be purchased only for the day to day requirement and there would be no goods in process at the end of the day as they are all delivered to the customers straightway (Seal, W et al., 2006). The Just in Time technique is most commonly used by the manufacturing and merchandising sectors. An example of a manufacturing firm using this technique In the year 1992, the sales of one of the leading car manufacturers, Porsche declined to less than 15,000 and had a loss of about $133 million. The timely appointment of i i Japanese experts identified the problem as wasteful inventory in the shelves. A quality control program was introduced to reduce the number of forged parts. Ever since, their earnings have jumped to about $55 million and huge sales of about 34,000. It would be appropriate to mention about a service sector using the Just in Time technique. McDonalds choose this technique to compete with their competitor Burger King and Wendys. They had to carefully study the system and spend approximately $25,000 in for each one of its outlets. This was implemented to ensure that the customers would be served with the freshest food within 90 seconds of ordering and also to cut declination costs, which would ultimately lead to staff savings (Garrison and Noreen, 2003). The benefits and disadvantages of Just in Time technique areAdvantagesReduction in warehousing and ordering cost. disregard make use of the extra floor space which would otherwise be occupied by inventory, thus, avoiding any plan ned expansion that could result in extra expense (Kaplan, Robert S., 1987).Throughput time is reduced as a result, the companies can give quicker responses to customers.The rates of defective units are reduced, therefore, less wastage and cost effective production.DisadvantagesIf any parts are found defective, the whole production process would be held up.Companies are fully dependant on their suppliers, since they have to be able to provide defect free goods.Implementation can be slightly difficult as the workers required to operate under this system needs to be multi skilled and flexible (Garrison and Noreen, 2003).c) Activity ground CostingTowards the end of 1980, Activity Based Costing became a familiar form of costing among the organizations. This provides managers with cost information to make strategic decisions. low this system, overhead cost pools are allocated to the products and other costing objects using a measure of activity. The indirect costs are also allocated t o different cost pools, based on the activity. The costs are all attached to each product on the basis of the cost drivers associated (Garrison and Noreen, 2003) (Ashton, D et al., 1995).A large number of organizations have adopted Activity Based Costing. One example of a company in the service sector, in a developing nation, that is successfully using this technique is Tata Consultancy Services one of Indias largest consulting organization. They used this method to identify issues in their software business. With the help of Activity Based Costing, Tata Consultancy was able to find out that the quality assurance, testing and correction costs were having a negative impact on their profitability. This costing technique provided the required cost information to help the managers set appropriate priorities and monitor the detection costs (Garrison and Noreen, 2003). Activity Based Costing has its own advantages and disadvantages.AdvantagesSimple to operate and can be easily understoo d.Focus is mainly on what causes the costs to increase. assimilation rates are closely linked to causes of overheads.DisadvantagesImplementation and maintenance is expensive.The changes whitethorn not be accepted easily by the employees, they may resist.Managers sometimes insist on including sustenance costs and idle capacity costs, this may result in overstated costs.Activity Based costing reports does not conform to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. This may require the companies to have two cost systems which can be an expensive affair (Garrison and Noreen, 2003). BibliographySeal, W., Garrison, beam H. Noreen, Eric W., 2006. Management Accounting. 2nd ed. Berkshire McGraw Hill Education, 12-12, 17 763-765, 19 840-844. Garrison, give off H. Noreen, Eric W., 2003. Management Accounting. 10th ed. New York McGraw Hill/ Irwin, 113-17, 8316-320, 338-339, 10445-454. Ashton, D., Hopper T. Scapens, Robert W., 1995. Issues in Management Accounting. 2nd ed. England Pearson Education Limited, 13-5, 346-47, 6115-116, 14300. Hopper T., Scapens, Robert W. Northcott, D., 2007, Issues in Management Accounting. e-book England Pearson Education Limited, 465-69. Available at Google e-books http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=k3La7WnBBGICprintsec=frontcoverdq=issues+in+management+accountingcd=1v=onepageq=f=false. Accessed 16 January 2010. Johnson, H. T. Kaplan, R. S., 1987, Relevance lost The Rise and Fall of Management Accounting. e-book ground forces Harvard Business School Press, 14-6, 9215. Available at Google e-books http//books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=yUgXuMBxAx4Coi=fndpg=PR11dq=Importance+of+Modern+Management+Accounting+Practices+in+Modern+Business+Organizationsots=eSpMcqbPoDsig=uHxwYxFfTyR-Sw5iT-dB6v1Y45Uv=onepageq=f=false. Accessed 16 January 2010. Atkinson, A. A et al., 1997. New Directions in Management Accounting Research. Journal of Management Accounting Research, pdf 9 Available at http//miha.ef.uni-lj.si/_dokumenti3plus2/196128/Atkinsoneta l.-1997-NewdirectionsinMAresearch.pdf. Accessed 17 January 2010. Kaplan, R. S. Norton, D. P., 1996. The Balanced Scorecard Translating Strategy into Action. e-book USA Harvard Business drill Press. Available at Google e-books http//books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=mRHC5kHXczECoi=fndpg=PR7dq=balanced+scorecard+in+manufacturing+industryots=wv4Ut7B5Lasig=ryw-8YdLQig50o9bzJAnPXPUQtov=onepageq=balanced%20scorecard%20in%20manufacturing%20industryf=false. Accessed 16 January 2010. Bizcovering, 2009. Importance of Modern Management Accounting Practices in Modern Business organizations. online. Available at http//bizcovering.com/management/importance-of-modern-management-accounting-practices-in-modern-business-organizations/. Accessed 16 January 2010. Balanced Scorecard for Corus Group PLC. online. 123HelpMe.com. Available at http//www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=149201. Accessed 17 January 2010. Davies, R. W. (Dr.), 2009. Balanced Scorecard Panacea or Poisoned Chalice? online. Available at http//www.drrobertdavies.com/balancedscorecardsuccess.php. Accessed 16 January 2010.

The child sex tourism industry in india

The sister gender roundism industry in indiaIntroductionThe commercial intimate exertionation of minorren is a fundamental entrancement of childrens rights. The child is treated as a in ashesal object and as a commercial object. The commercial rideual turnation of children constitutes a invent of compulsion and violence against children, and amounts to agonistic labor and a con fly-by-night seduce of slavery.1 tyke Sex touristry is part of the global phenomenon of commercial chargeual growth of children. It involves the sexual scream exploitation of both male and female children, usu everyy but non always, in touristry destinations. Several studies create attempted to understand the extent and severity of the phenomenon, emphasizing varied reflections therefrom be it journey trade, psychological, socioeconomic sayingts. The factors that push children into sexual exploitation be numerous for example family disintegration, inequitable socio-economic structur e, harmful and religious drills which undermines fulfilment of the hatfulonic conduct of the children. By treating the child as a commodity which poop be purchased, hired change or thrown away is no acheer a question of poverty, but rather one of values, in particular the values of consumerism.According to NHRC Report on Trafficking in Women and Children, in India the population of women and children in sex accomplishment in India is stated to be betwixt70, 000 and 1 million of these, 30% be 20 years of age. almost 15% began sex work when they were below 15 and 25% codeed between 15 and 18 years (Mukherjee Das 1996). In public gull child sex tourism is non considered a major affable issue in India, partly because of the perception that the problem is not as acute as in near countries of South East Asia and partly because the problem is largely associated only with poverty. Every hour, four women and girls in India move in harlotry, three of them against their r esult. hither when a women or a children ar forced for much(prenominal) things because be these not a c at one timern cogitate to ethics? This paper will discuss the causes of the problem of child harlotry for sexual needs in India.Sex tourism refers to an organized tour whose primary purpose is thecommercial-sexual relationship with an individual from the nation that he or she is visiting. There be three major categories of sexual exploitations that occur at bottom sex tourism. These atomic number 18 prostitution, pornography and trafficking for sexual purpose. Recently, the trend of sex tourism is to provide sex tourists a wider make sense of children as opposed to elderly and to a greater extent mature women. In fact, the commercial sexual exploitation of minors by international tourists today is considered asa human calamity occurring in a grand scale with virtu anyy no consequences for those who practice this. The World Tourism Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations, defines sex tourism as trips organized from within the tourism sector, or from right(prenominal) this sector but using its structures and networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination. But it a same refers to business people, transport industry workers or military personnel. Attractions for sex tourists keep include reduced costs for services in the destination country, on with either legal prostitution or weak law enforcement and find to child prostitution.More than 2.4 million tourists visit India every year and outgrowth of the tourism industry in the country has contributed to an increase in the sexual exploitation of children by tourists. Child sex tourism is prevalent in Goa, North Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, West Bengal and in Rajasthan. Mumbai is believed to be the biggest centre for pedophilic barter in India. Child sex tourism involves hotels, travel agencies and tour operators and virtu bothy companies openly advertise availability of child prostitutes. They have contacts with adult sex workers, rickshaw pullers petty traders who make contact with street or other vulnerable children and bring them to tourist hotels and lodges. Children are often promised better credit lines and then forced into sex and in numerous cases moneylenders force parents to sell their children to revert debts. A traveler may not intend to engage in sex with children speckle he is away from plateful, but he does so because a child is made easily available to him. Opportunistic exploitation, then, along with organized child sex tourism, is a critical factor compound the complex socio-economic factors that push children into local prostitution industries.Here are just astir(predicate) of the prominentfacts about child sex tourism in IndiaIndia has the largest number of children (375 million) in the world, nearly 40% of its population69% of Ind ian children are victims of physical, emotional, or sexual abuse (or read it as every 2 out of3)New Delhi, the nations capital, has an abuse rate of over83%89% of the crimes are perpetrated by family membersBoys face more abuse (72%) than girls(65%)More than 70% of cases go unreported and unshared even with parents/familyThere are many factors that make children vulnerable to sex tourism. They may excessively be called as a Push factor for them in child sex. Let us discuss some of them.Organised prostitution It is hunch forwardn that child prostitution is the sexual exploitation of the child for remuneration in cash or in kind, usually but not always organized by an intermediary (parents, family members, procurers, etc.). Many children, particularly girls, are mistreated within brothels that are frequented by both, local, regional and foreign child abusers. Some re essay suggests that girls enter the sex industry as a direct result of coercion or an unspoken expectation by other f amily members, including sisters or mothers already in the industry. Many of the girls are from the States of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra and often the daughters of unsettled women involved in the sex industry.Poverty and economic insecurity The majority of the children, both migrant and local, come from poor backgrounds and have little or no rise to power to education. The parents are unskilled workers from neighbouring States who need to migrate to various regions in search of manipulation. As a result, many of the children are also compelled to work and potbelly be found around beach and resorts areas, often working as vendors. The nature of their work requires them to be friendly to tourists and therefore leaves them open to offers by sex tourists.Weak family structure Family breakdown is seen as an important aspect leading to children being exposed to abuse. Many children have run away from home and live on the streets due to problems at home ranging from med icate abuse, alcoholism or physical or mental illness. Like all children who suffer from violence and abuse, they may be physically, mentally injured. They are at high risk of long-lasting physical, brotherly, and psychological damage, disease (including HIV) or unwished pregnancy and forced abortions.Lack of parental supervision Many of the abused are migrant workers children who are unsupervised and alone on the streets while their parents take up casual or daily wage work in Goa. These children often end up wandering on the streets and are vulnerable to the lures of sex tourists.Trafficking Trafficking of children is a worldwide phenomenon affecting large numbers game of boys and girls every day. Children and their families are often lured by the promise of better employment and a more prosperous feeling far from their homes. Others are kidnapped and sold. Trafficking violates a childs right to grow up in a family environment and exposes him or her to a range of dangers, incl uding violence and sexual abuse. There is also some evidence to suggest that children are being trafficked to Goa from other parts of the country or even from other countries for purposes of sexual exploitation. Children are also sold by poor families from different regions and then forced into working in the sex industry or other labour around coastal areas where they are at risk from sex offenders. It appears that some families sexually exploit their own children by either selling them to traffickers or by forcing them into prostitution. such families prize material benefits at the cost of any abuse to their child. obscenity Pornography is like a media in sex tourism. Child prostitution is somehow connected with child pornography. It refers to the visual or audio movie of the child for the sexual gratification of the use, and involves the production, distribution and or use of such material. Pornographic images of children are often copied multiple times and may repose in circu lation for many years the victim continues to be subjected to humiliation long after the image has been made.Discrimination Many prostitutes in India are victims of the Devadasis (temple prostitute) clay and have been dedicated to the Goddess Yellamma (around 10,000 girls in India are dedicated annually). Goa is no different and many of the girls in its red light districts are victims of this system.After clear-sighted all the factors which push children into such vulnerable situation, one thing which comes outright into mind is that all contrary to the principles of Integrity and Fairness. It is always questionable that Are these children not a human being? How a parent can do such pitiful things with their own child?Every child has its own integrity and has the right to live a life of regardful human being. The exploitation of human beings dehumanizes the individuals who are trafficked, rewards the inhumanity of the traffickers, and weakens the moral and social fabric of socie ty at large. Restoring dignity to persons who have been exploited is not easy, and the danger of paternalizing trafficked victims in the name of aiding them must be kept in view. Traffickers and parents who expose their children need to be stopped and held accountable, but they also need those who will service them to a transformation of heart and mind.Sex tourism is the dark side of the global phenomenon of tourism. Every day we read about the benefits of tourism, its income and employment capableness, its ability to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor, its potential to overcome uneven development in backward regions of the world Asks why sex tourism is being condoned and wonders why more voices are not raised in protest against its continuance. It often raises a concern for the Indian society but why only India society, child sex tourism is the part of every country whether in Asia or Europe or America. Do societies and Government need not to show Concern and evaluate towards these children. Children are the future and some even call them Gift of God.Travellers who travel to some less developed country think that they have all the rights to use people as they want. The methods that sex offenders use to lure children into opprobrious situations range from offering them money or gifts, convincing parents that the child will enjoy a better life and providing children with shelter and employment. Such grooming methods are the hallmark of the preferential sex offender whereas the opportunistic ones exploit the children they meet on the street or are offered by pimps.The justifications that sex tourists offer for their abuse of children include the perception that they are helping the children monetarily and also giving children the love that they appear to crave. Many travel agencies, hotels and others are all involved in this whole process. These people think that it is part of their job and they are rendering their services to these travellers. Bu t are their not any Code of Ethics in tourism industry. Develop an ethical form _or_ system of government regarding trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of children. Providing information to tourists on CST and request them to help dealing with the problem by informing if they see any uncertain behaviour of tourists who accompany children. To provide information to travellers by means of catalogues, brochures, in-flight films, ticket-slips, home pages, etc.The study calls for specific national, regional and local actions to defense children who are being sexually exploited, or are at-risk of sexual exploitation. Recommendations include the Ministry of Tourism creating a National Plan of Action to Counter Child iniquity in Tourism and for businesses in the tourism industry to shoulder more responsibility for this problem by, for example, joining the Code of Conduct (www.thecode.org). It was recommended that state and primaeval tourism departments report annually on the status of child abuse cases, set up mechanisms along with other bodies for the protection of children, and to demonstrate a clear stand against any form of child sex abuse. The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) are also called on to create a all-inclusive Act that imposes severe punishment of offenders, including extradition laws (through the Ministry of Home Affairs). The report also calls for child sex tourism cases to be treated as non-bailable offences. Training on child rights laws and how to handle child abuse cases for Police was also recommended, along with sensitization training and mandatory reporting of child abuse (including adults change of location with children under suspicious circumstances) both by Police and by drome and railway authorities. More in-depth study on the commercial sexual exploitation of children is also necessary to inform policy, protection mechanisms and campaigns. What can we do? Here are my thoughts Educate our children about sex . If you are not parents yourselves, but know and care about other families of friends and relatives, open up this topic for intervention and encourage the parents to do what isright. If you think talking about sex is sticky for you, dont just be embarrassed,shrugitoff, and give it up. Many parents dont know their children are victims, and live in a fantasy world of nothing like that would ever happen to my child. Talk to your parents in order to understand what difficulties they had to face culturally when bringing you up. That may give clues to how to overcome cultural taboos. Finally, col the word. Spread the awareness. We owe it to the next generation. With the knowledge that our children know the basic facts to safeguard themselves, we can at least hope to travelling bag our heads high onceagain. With the economic growth more tourism increased salaries limited family life more luxury life money being spent for temporary pleasure going high all kind of un-social activities w ill be going high. It is the real form of terrorism. Let the policy maker and the troupe in power and the opposition party see that this is the new form of suicide bomb.After centuries of being shoved under the carpet, the truth is out. And we, as Indians, should stop, hold our breath, drop our heads in shame, and introspect. In the fight against trafficking government organizations, non-governmental organizations, civil society, drive groups, international bodies, all have to play an important role. Law cannot be the only instrument to take care of all problems.NotesA parameter from The Declaration and the Agenda for Action from the First World Congress against the commercialised Sexual Exploitation of Children, held in Stockholm, 1996

The Evolution Of The Microprocessor :: essays research papers fc

Only once in a lifetime give a new invention come about to touch all(prenominal) aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. The Microprocessor has been around since 1971 historic period, but in the last few years it has changed the American calculators to video games and estimators (Givone 1). Many microprocessors have been manufactured for all sorts of products near have succeeded and some have not. This paper leave behind discuss the evolution and history of the most prominent 16 and 32 bit microprocessors in the microcomputer and how they are similar to and different from each other.Because microprocessors are a subject that most people cannot relate to and do not recognise very much about, this paragraph will introduce some of the terms that will be in-volved in the subsequent paragraphs. Throughout the paper the 16-bit and 32-bit mi-croprocessors are compared and contrasted. The identification number 16 in the 16-bit microproces-sor refers how many registers there are or how much storage is available for the mi-croprocessor (Aumiaux, 3). The microprocessor has a memory address such as A16, and at this address the specific commands to the microprocessor are stored in the memory of the computer (Aumiaux, 3). So with the 16-bit microprocessor there are 576 places to store data. With the 32-bit microprocessor there are twice as many places to store data making the microprocessor faster. Another cat valium term which is quotationed frequently in the paper is the oscil-lator or the time at which the processors clock ticks. The oscillator is the pace maker for the microprocessor which tells what frequency the microprocessor can proc-ess information, this value is mensural in Mega-hertz or MHz. A nanosecond is a monetary standardment of time in a processor, or a billionth of a second. This is used to measure the time it takes for the computer to execute an instructions, other wise knows as a cy-cle.There are many different types of companies of which all have their declare family of processors. Since the individual processors in the families were developed over a fairly longsighted period of time, it is hard to distinguish which processors were introduced in order. This paper will mention the families of processors in no particular order. The first microprocessor that will be discussed is the family of microprocessors called the 9900 serial manufactured by Texas Instruments during the mid-70s and was developed

Personal Narrative - My Parents Funeral :: Personal Narrative Writing

Narrative- My Parents Funeral Celery sticks served as slugger bats olives substituted for baseb all in alls to be smashed across the kitchen. Cousins Sonny and Guido were pitcher and catcher, and my sister Dorrie was a compounding of infield and outfield. I came up to bat for the first date honourable as Gramps called for us to come into the living room. A policeman stood in the doorway. Nonnie and Aunt Sandy were crying. All break of day we had been told to stop paltry the Thanksgiving dinner or we would be punished. Who expected to go to clink because of olives Gramps pulled Dorrie and me onto his lap and hugged us close. Your momma and daddy were going to amaze Uncle Vince and a truck hit their car. God took them to heaven. He started to cry. I wished he would let us down. His prickly sweater smelled of tobacco, and his mouth was purple from wine. Dorrie and I went home with Aunt Sandy. My stomach was hurting and making tiger noises, save everybody was crying so I was afraid to say I was hungry. In the morning we went to a dark room where Mother and Daddy were prevarication in coffins. It smelled so sweet in that room, and the red-glassed candles burning everywhere do it sticky hot. Mother wore a lacy criticize dress. A pink satin blanket covered her feet. Daddy looked so white, as if he wore establishment like Mother. Folded newspapers were hidden inside his trouser stages. At night we all knelt down on the blue carpet and prayed a long, long time with Father Minnorra from Our Lady of the Angels Church. My knees were sore and I shifted my weight from one leg to the other. Aunt Sandy touched my shoulder and said, Marie, stop that rocking. Kneel up. The morning of the funeral was very bright. The curtains were opened in the coffin room. Aunt Sandy held my hand. She wore a black hat with a coarse black feather. Her eyes had big red circles around them, and her mouth was bright red. She reminded me of the clown in my circus coloring book.

Cybernetics and the Security-State :: Wiener Government Mechanics Papers

Cybernetics and the Security-State The mastery of nature, so the imperialists teach, is the purpose of engine room. simply who would trust a cane wielder who proclaimed the mastery of children by adults to be the purpose of education? Is non education above all the inwrought ordering of the blood between generations and therefore mastery, if we argon to use this term, of the relationship and not of children? And likewise technology is not the mastery of nature and man. custody as a species completed their development thousands of years ago nevertheless mankind as a species is just beginning his. In technology a physis is being organized through which mankinds contact with the cosmos takes a new and different form from that which it had in nations and families. . . . The paroxysm of genuine cosmic experience is not tied to that tiny fragment of nature that we are accustomed to call Nature. In the nights of annihilation of the last war the put of mankind was shaken by a feeling that resembled the bliss of the epileptic. And the revolts that followed it were the send-off attempt of mankind to bring the new body under its control. -- Walter Benjamin, unrivaled Way Street, 1925-26 Garry Kasparov lost to Deep Blue on May 11, 1997. The impression itself had al most(prenominal) no affect on the daily life of the public populace in and of itself, and in fact had been considered inevitable for some time. steady so, commentators read awful portent into the fact that the chess grandmaster, dubbed Humanitys Champ, was beaten by the IBM calculator. USA Today was not alone in asking, Are computers plump for humans into a corner? With rare exception, after the initial publicise died down the media reassured us that we were in no immediate riskiness of computers turning against us and taking over the planet, at least not actively. Chess, we were assured, is susceptible to the type of simple brute force calculations a computer can do. Under standing natural language, recognizing speech and handwriting, and analyzing images require work of a different sort, a common sense that has so far eluded most artificial intelligence researchers. Unlike human babies (an admittedly loaded example), computers befuddle trouble interacting with and learning about the real world except within strictly defined parameters.

The U.S. Marines and the 19th Century :: Marine Corps War Essays

The U.S. oceanics and the nineteenth Century In the beginning of the 21st Century the U.S. Marine Corps stands at a strength of approximately 200,000 personnel. The Marines are also equipped with tanks, helicopters, fixed extension ph whiz aircraft and specialized ships, manned by the U.S. naval forces, to transport them to various destinations. These numbers lay out a larger force than the entire armed forces of many countries and the U.S. Marine Corps is considered the junior service of the U.S. military. The Defense Act of 1947 guaranteed the continuing ball of the Marine Corps as law. All this happened in the 20th century. During the 19th century the Marines not sole(prenominal) fought the enemies of this country, foreign and domestic, but had to fight for their very existence. In 1806 Marine Corps registers showed a paid strength of only eleven officers and 307 noncommissioned officers and enlisted men. Its main duties at sea focused on guarding agai nst mutinies on U.S. Navy ships. In combat, marines fired their muskets at enemy ships officers and clustering during battle, formed contingents to board enemy ships or attack enemy shore installations, and repelled enemy boarders. On shore, marines guarded U.S. Navy yards in several American cities. (With Fidelity and Effectiveness Archibald Hendersons Lasting Legacy to the U.S. Marine Corps, Joseph Dawson, p. 271) The premature 19th century saw the unite States as a tiny agrarian society trying to build a unified country. after(prenominal) the Revolution the Army, Navy and Marines were disbanded as they were believed to be not needed. No one planned to go to war with anyone and any possible land meshing could be handled by the various state militias. This changed with the influx of piracy by the French and a few North African Arab kingdoms, commonly called the Barbary pirates. The United States had a thriving mercantile marine that proudly sailed across the world to find ne w markets. This made them perfect targets. John Adams, the second president, reconstituted the Navy and with that the Marines. New ships were built and sailors and Marines were recruited to man them. They fought against pirates in the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. This had the un-intended effect of preparing them for the 2nd war with Great Britain from 1812 to 1814.

Global Warming Essay -- Climate Change, Greenhouse Gases

Global WarmingWe should all be genuinely concerned almost our future on Earth as kind-hearted beings. We may not be at such an immediate fortune of flameing to death, but our future descendants argon. Every year, the overall temperature has by then(prenominal) up slowly. Eventually Earth will be too juicy to live on, and the human race will become extinct The stovepipe way to save our future is to start now. Americans should be conscientious of globular thaw and should watch their CO2 emissions because increasing CO2 concentrations means an profit in Earths temperature.Being conscientious of world(prenominal) warming means making smart decisions on fossil fuel burning. As we all know fossil fuels ar a nonrenewable imaginativeness that produces CO2, which is detrimental to our atmosphere. We, Americans should take the initiative to use renewable resources such as battery power, or solar power. Automobile companies have already created state-of-the-art solar power and ele ctronic cars as an alternate to gas cater cars that burn lots of fossil fuel. We use automobiles every day as transportation. Unfortunately automobiles emit so more than degree centigrade dioxide. In point as Bill McKibben says we emit so much more carbon dioxide now than we did a decade ago in part because our quiver or cars and trucks actually has gotten steadily less fuel efficient for the past 10 years (325). The media has always had an impact on many stacks lifestyles, and in this day and age, where hip-hop culture has been highly advertised, brainish large SUVs has become very popular. Rap artists sing intimately their Cadillac Escalades, Lincoln Navigators, and their Hummers. In Bjorn Lomborg says we have been indoctrinated by the media, where we see the TV characters as reference points for our own lives (328). Little do they know that their SUVs they drive burn so much more gas than a car. SUVs release a tremendous amount of CO2 into the atmosphere and are very ext ra to most of the population who drive them.As McKibben states that we live in a heedless, supersized society (325). People are buying these fomites based on looks, kind of than having concern about gas mileage and the amount of CO2 the vehicle emits. Especially since automobiles have become a major part of casual life, we need to be aware of the gas mileage of the vehicle because in that respect are so many thousands of cars on the road emitting so much CO... ...e. In all, we need to be conscientious of ball-shaped warming. This means having cognition that our future descendants and our planet Earth could become overheated from global warming, thus killing off all life on this rattling(prenominal) planet. We do not want to wait till the last second, when things are too late. We are at a time where we can moderate a difference. Choosing cars with low gas mileage is a good idea. These cars are environmentally friendly and thats what we need. If we have the option to walk to wor k, we should do so. Like Alan Durning argues, free parking should be completely abandoned. Lets keep the cars on the road to the minimum because cars emit CO2, which is harmful to our Earth, and CO2 only increases global warming. We should advertise to the public how dangerous global warming is. Educating youngsters, the future of us, about global warming is an excellent way to go. Imagine all the good-looking things on Earth, gone. Gone because of the event we did not act now, and gone because of the fact we werent conscientious of global warming. Lets start doing something, baby steps that in the long run will be very productive in our war against global warming.