How Can Global Thinking Support You?

How can Global Thinking support you? Inform The Global Thinking team offers fresh perspectives on learning from our long experience in diverse local and global contexts. Inspire We provide advice and training, resources and research to bring insight, challenge perceptions and enable creative thinking for 21st Century learning. Innovate We work in partnership with clients and education specialists on practical and innovative approaches for differing teaching and learning needs. Global Thinking provides inspiration and innovation in global learning.Our specialist team provides training and consultancy to educators who enable young people to shape their futures in a fair and sustainable world. Education The term was increasingly applied to initiatives in international education and was advanced by  Stuart Grauer  in his 1989 University of San Diego publication, Think Globally, Act Locally: A Delphi Study of Educational Leadership Through the Development of International Resources in the Local Community. In this publication it was attribed to  Harlan Cleveland. 15]  It is said that this term was used by German-American  sociologist  Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy[citation needed]  in the 1950s or earlier, prior to the formation of the  United Nations Organization. It is not only corporations that are acknowledging the importance of environmental issues, but also the education system. Government officials and school boards across the world are beginning to develop a new way of teaching. Globalization is now thought of as an important concept to understanding the world.Certain schools believe it is important to discuss global issues as young as 5 years old. It is students who are our future, therefore understanding the concept of â€Å"think globally, act locally† is fundamental to our future. [16] Definition â€Å"Think globally, act locally†Ã‚  urges people to consider the health of the entire planet and to take action in their own communitie s and cities. Long before governments began enforcing environmental laws, individuals were coming together to protect habitats and the organisms that live within them.These efforts are referred to as grassroots efforts. They occur on a local level and are primarily run by volunteers and helpers. â€Å"Think Globally, Act Locally† originally began at the grassroots level, however, it is now a global concept with high importance. It is not just volunteers who take the environment into consideration. It is corporations, government officials, education system, and local communities. It is now extremely important to consider global markets and communities when doing business.Global markets and large corporations have one of the largest impacts on the environment, it is their influence and actions that are vital to the survival of our planet. Large corporations have the most impact on the environment, therefore â€Å"thinking globally and acting locally† can make a major dif ference in the survival of our planet. Warren Heaps states â€Å"it's really important to recognize that markets are different around the world, and company compensation programs should reflect a balance between global corporate philosophy and local practice and culture†. 1] About the Department The Faculty of Arts and Letters is an institution of learning geared towards the development and fulfillment of the total person, the Universal Man, focusing on the Arts and the Humanities, mainly, and spreading out to include the sciences, social and natural, guided by Christian faith and avowed Thomasian ideals and the highest social, national, international and even global standards and objectives.The envisioned goal is the Colege's turning out not only of learned but wisened individuals who, motivated by the highest standards of excellence, excel in their chosen fields, eventually becoming role models in society, potential leaders and achievers of the country, all in the spirit no t only of personal but also social and more importantly, spiritual commitment. The Faculty's goals and objectives are: An ideal confluence of mind, heart and spirit, in the service of the total rounded man.Expertise in one's own chosen field and an adequate spreading out of interests, skils, concerns, in other, fields, allied of otherwise. An enhanced and enriched cultural background including a sense of history and tradition while being abreast with the modern technology of a network world. Ample exposure to and immersion in research as well as creative and critical endeavors. Sympathy and concern for the socially needy and handicapped through consistent efforts and interst in community service.Constant cultivation and preservation of Philippine values at the same time cognizant of what are timeless and universal. History The liberal arts and philosophy had been taught in the University of Santo Tomas since its foundation in 1611. The Faculty of Philosophy and Letters was establish ed in 1896 and the College of Liberal Arts in 1926. In 1964, however these two colleges were merged and given the general name of Faculty of Arts and Letters. Courses offered then were Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Literature, and Bachelor of Philosophy.In the course of time, new majors were offered. In the academic year 1971 to 1972, the Faculty started to offer the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Asian Studies, Behavioral Science (which evolved form the originally offered LiA-Com), Communication Arts, Economics, Journalism, Literature, Philosophy,Political Science, Sociology, and Translation(which was eventually phased out). In 1994, another major, Legal Management, was created to serve the relevant needs of students who intend to go to law after graduation.And so, presently, ten majors are offered in the Faculty of Arts and Letters to wit; Asian Studies, Behavioral Science, Communication Arts, Economics, Jouranlism, Literature, Legal Management, Political Science, Philosophy, and S ociology. Common courses offered in the Faculty of Arts and Letters are designed to develop the minds and sensibilities of the students and to inculcate in them human values and the appreciation of the country's cultural heritage in the light of Christian faith and tradition.Furthermore, they intend to provide the students with the necessary background for them to develop into informed, responsible, and concerned rounded citizens of this country, guided by the mission-vision not only of the College but more importantly, of the University of Santo Tomas. â€Å"Mga Uri Ng Pagsulat†Ã‚  StudyMode. com. 01 2011. 01 2011 .

Safe as houses?

Hey kids, I'm Gavin and I want to talk to you today about safety around the house. How many of you here have younger brothers or sisters? [Response] Over half of you, that's quite a lot. I'll bet they get quite annoying sometimes, don't they? I wouldn't know because I am the younger brother. Even though they do get quite annoying sometimes, I'm sure that deep down inside, you really do love your younger brothers and sisters, and that you would never want anything bad happening to them. This is why it is important to keep them save and out of trouble. How many of you here don't have a helper? [Response] Well, that's a large number of you. I bet every time your parents are out, you have to look after your baby brother or sister right? It's pretty hard sometimes isn't it? Well here are a few suggestions which might make it easier for you. Firstly, never let your brother or sister near the kitchen on their own. Stay away from the kitchen unless you are getting snacks to eat and drinks. The kitchen is a dangerous, unsafe and bad place to play. Your brother or sister could easily burn, scald or hurt themselves with hot or boiling water, clothes irons or hot oven doors. There are some yucky chemicals kept in the kitchen which aren't very healthy for you if you drink or inhale it. Don't forget there's also a chance your baby sibling could slip and fall over. The kitchen is out of bounds. If your younger sibling needs to go to the toilet or take a bath, make sure that you go and help them. It is very important, and it will make you look more grown-up too, doing important things around the house. When they are taking a bath, make sure the water is not too hot or they could get hurt ands scalded. Also, be sure to hold them up because it is very easy for them to drown, so don't play around during bath-time. Finally, never ever let your baby brother or sister go peeking down the toilet incase they fall in. It would be unsafe, unhygienic and very yucky. Moving away from the toilet issues, the next thing you have to be careful of are the doors. Slamming doors in your brother or sister's face is a big no-no. Their fingers could get caught and it would be extremely painful. If any of you have a staircase in the house, you will probably know how dangerous they are, especially for kids under two. The best thing to avoid accidents to keep them away from the stairs and remove any toys or objects blocking the stairs. If not, you or your little brother or sister could turn into Humpty Dumpty and break into many pieces Talking about taking big falls, it is also a good idea to close any low windows your sibling could climb out of, or remove anything they could climb on to in order to get to the opening. Did you know that the biggest cause of accidents in homes are from playing with matches? If you have ever tried it and thought it cool, take some advice from the big kids, it's not cool. You could easily kill yourself and your little baby brother or sister, so remember, keep tem away from those matches and remember the words of Smokey Bear; â€Å"Only YOU can stop [house hold] fires!† Don't forget to keep them away from the medicine cabinet, and remind them often that it ISN'T candy. Finally, if you are playing outside the house, keep those little kids away from the garage or tool shed, which have a lot of dangerous tools and chemicals. (P.T.O.) Now you can go and tell your friends how cool you are and your parents how grown up you are because you know how to look after your baby brother or sister, and yourself.

Our countries good

After feedback from our mock exam we identified how the whole piece lacked intensity but in other points had too much and became too loud without any real reason for it and at some points felt very scripted and UN-natural, this was having an Impact on the audiences experience and making it difficult to understand the story line as so much was going on.Since our mock we as a group, stripped back and taken a lot of the unnecessary content out of scene two and four as they were too long and came confusing and have been using Clack's card technique to Intensify the piece at points and make the piece calmer In other pieces to show the Intimacy and motherly bond formed between the two hostages In order to highlight our theme to show how the Imprisoned form trust groups and friendships to stay alive'.To reduce the risk of fire in the bungalow we are making sure that there is an adequate evacuation pathway: there will be no tripping hazards in the corridor to enable us to move our audience a nd performers around safely. There is a mirror fire risk from our candles but we will have two buckets of water to hand in case of problems.As performers working under stress we are in danger of straining muscles and vocal chords. We will use physical warm-ups to make sure our muscles are relaxed and diaphragmatic breathing to make sure we don't damage our vocal chords. During the lift we ensure that manual handling principles are followed by bending our knees and lowering centre of gravity.

TV NEWS PAPER INSTRUCTIONS Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

TV NEWS INSTRUCTIONS - Term Paper Example Now†¦This, as used on television and radio, is a suggestion that the new idea has nothing to do with the original idea that existed. A newscaster usually tries to shift individual’s attention from the original thing. Postman has been passionate in explaining how the newscasters have been deviating from the context, this he explains in the metaphor, no particular object is attacked, he uses other objects like the television as the metaphor in explaining some thoughts. The thought of deviating from the main context is explained giving a self-evident explanation (Postman, pp 112-167). For example, the story about a childs murder appeared in the news, this was only explained in only forty five seconds than the newscaster says "And now†¦this when introducing segment on a local brake sale, these two different stories aired next to each other can be seen as insulting the first story, although it has now been peoples  expectation when receiving the news. The metaphor has been used to describe the common discourse of the television age. When watching a story in a television, a lot of commercial brakes are in between the stories; these are used to lessen the reflection on particular experiences (Kenney, pp67-119). Changing channels also means getting different stimuli; this shortens the time used to reflect on what meaning the stimuli has on peoples lives. In his comparison of the culture of Now†¦This, to forms like schizophrenia, Postmans implication was that individuals have no cohesive identity in such a world, alternatively, we have a collection of unrelated experiences, non-directional, since the information is void of context (Postman, pp 112-167). Practical implications to the dangers of common discussion to the television age include the dangers it will pose on children. The children are introduced to multitasking while neglecting being attentive, multitasking will at its best while attention will be at its worst.

Youth sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Youth sports - Essay Example The highlighted that youth sports are very important for the social skills development, where the youngsters interact with other individuals and are the best way to make friends as well as acquaintances. It does not only help them in interacting with other socially, but at the same time gives them a sense of belonging and unity as well. Apart from the social benefits, the physical advantages are also great where the athletic youngsters mature and grow in physique and body composition in a better manner in comparison to the non athletic youngsters. The normal structural growth of the body and the bones has to be supported by the proper physical exerting activities and exercise has proved itself to be the best way for the improvement of the bone width and the mineralization. (Volkwein-Caplan, K. A. E., 2009) Most importantly, the benefits of the youth sports is not only limited to the development of the physique and the social skills, but the physical activities lead to the psychological advantages for the youngsters as well. Sports give these youngsters a sense of accomplishment and achievement where they start believing in their abilities and their talent. Winning is associated with the motivation and even participating at some level gives them a fair opportunity to build confidence. The psychological advantages associated with the youth sports are very important, but at the same time the personality traits and characteristics are also nourished and expanded. The sense of belonging to a team makes the youngsters self disciplined individuals and they do not only commit themselves to a certain team but in order to strive for success, they put in a lot of hard work to practice sessions and then succeed at the end of the day. (Volkwein-Caplan, K. A. E., 2009) The development of confidence plays a vital role and the challenging training sessions is

Aspects of contract and negligence for business Assignment - 1

Aspects of contract and negligence for business - Assignment Example Chen-Wishart (2012), explains that the process of making and an offer and its acceptance follows the â€Å"mirror image† rule. This implies that the other party accepts the terms of the contract just as stipulated in the offer. Consideration is yet another element of a contract that refers to a substance of value the two parties promise to exchange in the course of the transaction. The consideration validates the existence of a contract. Also known as, the â€Å"meeting of the minds† mutuality refers to the consensus the two parties must have about the terms of the contract. Before creating a legally binding agreement, the two parties must understand and agree to the unique terms of the contract. The terms are vital aspects of a contract since they influence the entire process of undertaking the activity. The two parties must, therefore, understand the terms of the offer. At the acceptance stage, the second party promises to undertake the activity as stipulated in the terms. The offering party, on the other hand, promises not to change the original terms since the contract laws bar changing such terms unless the two parties agree to. This makes mutuality an important feature in contracts (Frey & Frey 2001). The terms that Joe and Dilon set for their contract have some aspects of ambiguity. As explained earlier, in the creation of a contract the terms must always follow the mirror image rule. The mirror image rule dictates that the offer and the acceptance must never vary the terms of the contract. In the case, Dilon’s terms dictate that Joe must sell the products at the original quoted price. After filling the form, which indicated his acceptance of the offer, Joe provides his terms in which he indicates that the prices may increase. Such is a bargain, and the terms of the contract between the two parties are ambiguous. Despite the ambiguity between Joe and Dilon, the two form a legally binding contract. Joe must make the running

Summary on The Awakening by Kate Chopin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary on The Awakening by Kate Chopin - Essay Example The Awakening tells the saga of Edna Pontellier, a married woman and mother of two, who lives in the 18th century Victorian era. During that time, the world in itself was patriarchal and suppressed the species of women altogether, thus not providing women with the chance to neither express themselves, nor even think about their needs and wants. Edna faced similar situation in her life, as she had to conform to the society’s envisioned role for her, and take care of her family rather than acknowledging her needs and desires. However, throughout the book, Edna’s character undergoes significant change and she develops into something more than a mere puppet of the society. Though Edna stops conforming to the general role of women cast by the society, and although she engages in a lot of rebellion, in the end she commits suicide, and it is left for the reader to think of this act as either representative of cowardice or her last rebellion. Edna’s character transforms when she finds herself vacationing with her family in Grand Isle, where she meets different people, each of whom have something new to teach her. Thus, in the process she learns three new languages, namely, verbal, artistic and sexual languages. She learns about the verbal language, that is, expressing herself through words from the Creon women of the place. They make her understand that she need not be frightened to acknowledge her needs and desires as well as to express them. They teach her to be more expressive and in sync with her inner feelings, this develops her character in the sense that she can name, define and further understand every single one of her emotions. In terms of the artistic language, Edna perfectly understands and acknowledges what Mademoiselle Reisz is trying to teach her. She stops associating the latter’s piano playing with mere solitary images that her mind invokes in accordance with the

Interpersonal communication Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Interpersonal communication - Term Paper Example However, this is not the only or the notable component of significance in communication because of its intricate steps through which communication and culture affects one another. We have cultural etiquettes, which control the suitable appearance for the language. Furthermore, in real life situations of individuals who are engaged in issues for not pursuing the right etiquettes shows to me that the way something is introduced can scale several significance in relation to the actual implications. Though it can only be entirely true in situation of romance research, there is no precise method of â€Å"you require having some spray to be romantic.† However, the knowledge of this principle of expression may just improve what one need to get through to their loved one (Floyd, 2009). Extensively speaking, communication style differs from one ethnicity to the other because of language development. What you have to know is that theorists have characteristic distinguished verb, digital , analog and communication, nonverbal communication, elements through their language. Based on the language, a number of them measure more on one given communication in relation to the others. ... On the other hand, those who were brought up in American culture may consider this form of treatment from the loved one to be â€Å"cold† because it lacks some basic ingredients of common usual expression. One other thing is that the presenter can be highly perceptive on choosing of verbal or non-verbal nods in relation to their language training that provide introduction of likely that some given nods are juts tuned out of their treatment (Forbes & Santa, 2011). The principles and misconceptions in effective interpersonal communications A number of communication principles apply to everyday live. These principles are based on the functions of real life interpersonal communication and they are common to communication that no one should assume them. The first principle is that interpersonal communication is inevitable. Under this, when individuals state that they ceased to communicate that cannot happen because the very trial not to interact pass something. By not just words bu t by voice tone as well as through posture, gesture, and facial appearance, we often interact to those close to us. By these channels, individuals regularly get interactions from others. Furthermore, also when one is sleeping, they communicate. For this, what need to be understood is that common rules of interaction is persons are not thoughts readers or in other words individuals judge themselves though their conduct and not their intent (Floyd, 2009). The second principle is that interpersonal communication is irreversible. One cannot take back their utterance once they have been declared. The impact should unavoidably remain. In spite of the

International finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International finance - Research Paper Example Additionally, the company was ranked number two in manufacture of quality skincare products and was awarded Quality System Certification in 2002 by the Saudi Arabia government, making it one of the most renowned cosmetic companies in Middle East. Thus, this paper will delve into a marketing plan of Saudis Cosmetic Company as it tries to enter London, United Kingdom. Southwest Airlines is a service industry in Tunisia that aims at offering its customers with distinctive air transport services. The company started in 1969 in Tunis Tunisia, with an aim of providing its customers with air transport at a lower cost and an effective one for that matter. Eventually, the company adopted a strategy that seeks to provide its diverse customers with added value by making sure that the services exceed the price paid by the customer as well as what the customer expects to pay for the services. The company believes that creating value is one of the crucial activities the firm would take to attain a competitive edge. Even though the company started with purchasing products that were diesel powered, it has managed to replace its components and equipments with modern equipment, which are environmentally friendly, at a reduced cost. More so, it has managed to come up with more innovative products in the new airport lounges and the business class products. The company has also managed to come up with a number of trained personnel who take care of the children while their parents are in the â€Å"business class.† This new experience within the industry creates an added value for the customers. Mode of market entry. According to Li & Fung Research centre (2007), the emergence of foreign cosmetic firms in Saudi Arabia has led to a decrease of Saudis Cosmetic Company’s market share from 18.99% in 2001 to 9% in 2003. And even though the company targets middle and low-income earners, living in rural and lower-tier cities in 2006, its sales revenue dropped significantly to $ 43.7 million. As a result, Guangzhou Wuyi, a Chinese cosmetic company, purchased it in 2006, hoping that Saudis Cosmetic Company stands a good position in providing viable means for local market penetration through various distribution channels, as well as through brand equity. The Saudi cosmetic retail sales have been on an upward trend from 2006 to 2007, as evidenced by last year’s unprecedented sales reaching 1 million Dollars and growth of 16.0%. As a result, Saudi Arabia is considered as the fastest growing cosmetic market in the globe, eliciting foreign cosmetic investors in the market. The success of this company has been attributable to a number of factors, which include an increase in social-economic status, presence of women in cosmetic workforce, influence from western culture, and government’s promotion to local consumption in a bid to enhance the economy of the nation (Alon, 2003, p. 164). In today’s market, the Saudis Cosmetic Company faces stiff competition from a number of foreign companies investing in Saudi Arabia, which include Beijing Dabao Cosmetic Company, Estee Lauder, and Shiseido, among others. The Estee Lauder is on record for having made a sales growth of 40% in 2009, the same year that Saudis Cosmetic Company recorded a decrease in sales growth. It is, therefore, evident that Saudis Cosme

Vail-Colorado Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vail-Colorado - Research Paper Example In 1992 Apollo Partners purchased Vail Associates, which in turn became Vail Resorts Inc., which was followed by the acquisition of ski resorts Keystone and Breckenridge. The acquisition of these ski resorts was a major change that helped Vail succeed in the long run by appealing to a broader market. Both Keystone and Breckenridge have lower prices than Vail Mountain, and attract more single- and college-aged customers (Vail Resorts). The company then added the Real Estate segment which comprised 6 percent of the company's total revenues in 2004. Mountain revenues account for 69 percent, and revenues from lodging activities account for the remaining 25 percent. Having these additional revenues allowed Vail to establish itself and provide a greater level of customization to its guests. Owning a house on the mountain allowed skiers to visit more frequently during the winter season, as well as have a getaway during the summer season (Vail Resorts). Vail owns four different ski resorts in Colorado, a resort in Lake Tahoe California, as well as a summer resort in Grand Teton. Along with these six resorts, Vail owns Rock Resorts which is a management company that "manages 10 luxury resort hotels across the United States" (Vail Resorts). Vail Resorts offers a complete package to the vacationer of all ages... The majority of Vail Resort's visitors are there for the challenging ski terrain and the top quality service. Vail offers some of the most challenging ski terrain Colorado has and offers instructional courses for beginning to expert skiers. Select resorts have begun offering instructional ski lessons for select individuals. Classes such as: over the age of 50 only, female only, and kids Ski Zone packages have been implemented to provide the skier a more comfortable learning experience. They have recently started to offer amenities that fit the eye of the snowboarders dream. Many of the resort now offer snowboarder parks that include rails, pipes, jumps, terrain parks, and much more. For the person that prefers not to ski for the day, other activities are offered that allow them to enjoy the great outdoors without hitting the slopes. Activities such as ice skating, tubing, ski biking, snowshoeing, snowmobile tours, hiking trails, golf courses, hot-air balloon rides, and even a kid's s nowmobile racetrack has been added to the list for the visitor's pleasure. (Snow, 2005) Many indoor activities are offered at Vail Resorts as well. The most enjoyable indoor attraction is the many shopping areas the various resorts have to offer. There is a variety of shops where you can find gifts, souvenirs, jewelry, art, clothing, and much more. Other activities Vail Resorts offer will include museums, comedy shows, health spas, amphitheaters, arcades, indoor ice skating, bowling, and a variety of night clubs and bars. (Snow, 2005) Vail Resorts targets the consumer that trends more towards the upper class in society. These customers are willing and able to pay the top price in the industry to get

Aquaculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aquaculture - Essay Example The impact of wastes from the aquaculture pollutes the aquatic environment, because aquaculture is also an industry, which produces sea species in large amount. The modern methods of aquaculture have been found to pollute seawater and fresh waters than that of fish farming. Reading and Midlen [1998] suggests that â€Å"without drastically changing agricultural farming practices this situation will not change in the foreseeable future† p-21. They quote a survey report as an illustration â€Å"for example, fish farming in Denmark accounts for less than 1% of the total nitrogen loading and less than 2% of the total phosphorous loading [FES, 1992. In this respect, the environmental impact from fish farming waste is small in comparison to the potential impact of agricultural wastes†p-21. The most significant effect of the aqua waste is the nutrient concentrations in natural waters, which results in an increase of plankton and microbial populations. The wasted fish feed becomes the source of the wastes. Some of the nutrients present in the fish feed for fishes grown in aquaculture does not allow the nutrients that come through the wastes to get dissolved. Reading and Midlen [1998] observe this undissolved waste as â€Å"solid faecal waste†. The excretion of chemical and drugs used in aquaculture for maintenance is another polluting agent affecting the fresh water environment. This excretion of chemicals excreted as wastes are accumulated as organic sediments in the fresh and seawater environment. Therefore, researches are going on to make this aquaculture eco friendly. Since the aquaculture requires a fresh water system, the effect of the chemicals and drugs used in an aqua system has more possibilities to pollute the water system. Ponds are generally preferred to cultivate aquatic species. However, the problem related in farming inside a pond is that walls are constructed to

IT Conversion Strategies Essay Example for Free

IT Conversion Strategies Essay IT conversion takes place when the system has error or to improve functionalities or to expand the capacity of the system considering database, facilities , modules etc. for the conversion of system five components of system should be considered namely, hardware, software, data, procedure and people. While conversion of system any of these components should not be affected or the system conversion is not successful. There are four ways to system conversion, they are: * Direct cutover method: in this method a complete new system is introduced cutting off the old system. Â  This is the riskiest method to follow for system conversion. * Pilot conversion: in this method a part of an organization uses the new system while the rest of it continues to use the old method. In this method interface problem may prevail when the system needs to share data. * Phase conversion: In this method the part of the new system is introduced while the rest of the old one remains in use. In this method as well interface problem may prevail when the system needs to share data. * Parallel conversion: In this method, the whole new system is introduced while the old one is still in use. Both systems process all activity and the results are compared. Once there is confidence that the new one operates properly, the old one is shut down. For the proposed system the Phase conversion method is suggested as the system needs to operate for 24/7 and any kind of delay to run the application is occurred huge loss is to be suffered by the business as the overall business is relied on the web application. As the phase conversion method just add the new module to the system without affecting the old system, so the system can run continuously even when the change is taking place in the system.

Radiation Induced Symptoms in Gynaecological Malignancies

Radiation Induced Symptoms in Gynaecological Malignancies CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Cancer is a condition where a specific part of the body cells grow and reproduce uncontrollably .The Cancerous cells invade and destroy the surrounding healthy tissues , including organs .( National Health Service, 2005). Gynaecologic Cancers are the uncontrolled growth of cell and spread abnormally in the female reproductive organs, including the cervix , ovaries ,uterus , fallopian tubes, vagina and vulva .(American Cancer Society, 2004). Gynaecological cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer among women and annually it affects approximately 1 in 20 women. It is a frequent group of malignancies in women, which accounts approximately 18% of all female cancers Worldwide. The most common gynaecological cancers in women are cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer, vaginal and vulvar cancers are rare. (Goker et al, 2004) Cervix, which is the lowest part of the uterus there the cervical cancer is starting. Where in Uterine or endometrial cancer it starts from the uterus. The uterus is a pear shaped organ in a women’s pelvis where the baby grows when a women becomes pregnant. Ovarian cancer begins in the Ovaries. Ovaries are located on each side of the uterus. Vaginal cancer starts in the vagina, which is a hollow organ, outside of the body and called birth canal and vulva is the outer part of the female genital organs that includes the inner and outer lips of the vagina, the clitoris, and the opening of the vagina and its glands where it starts cancer namely vulval cancer. (Kearney, 2006) Women are at risk for Gynecological Cancer, the risk factors include increasing age, strong family history, problems with gene mutation , multiple sex partners, exposure to hormones such estrogen pills ,exposure to diethylstilbestrol in the womb, viral infection such as human papilloma virus, life style factors such as smoking and overweight . (Gynecological Cancer foundation Women’s centre, 2002). National Health Service (2004) , reported that the symptoms of Gynecological Cancer depends on where the tumor is situated, the size of the tumor and how quickly it is growing. The symptoms include abnormal or persist vaginal bleeding, bleeding after menopause and bleeding after sex, unusual vaginal discharges, pelvic pain , pressure or discomfort in the abdomen, swelling of the abdomen, change in bowel or bladder habits, pain during sex, itching, burning or soreness ,lumps or warts like growth in the vulval area . Gynaecological cancer can be treated depending on the stage, type of the disease, the severity of symptoms and the women’s general health. Treatment mostly involves surgery to remove tumor by determining its stage. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy, may also be used to treat the Gynaecological cancers. (National Health Service, 2004). Cervical cancer accounted new cases for 493,000 and 273,000 will be dying, in which uterine cancer 199,000 new cases and death was 50,000. Considering the ovarian cancer 204,000 new cases and 125,000 deaths. Regarding vagina, valvul and choriocarcinoma together constituted 45,900 cases. Cervical cancer occurred 60% in the developing countries whereas in developed countries two thirds of is uterine cancer. (Sankarnarayanan and ferlay, 2006). Cervical cancer is the third most common gynaecological cancer in the USA and second most common cancer among women in worldwide. In Indian scenario annually, 132,000 new cases are diagnosed, and 74,000 deaths occur. The incidence rise during 30-34 years of age and peaks at 55-65 years with a median age of 38 years. It is mainly caused by HPV, multiple sex partners, use of contraceptive pills. The common signs are bleeding from the vagina before or after intercourse, pelvic pain during sex and Pap smear test used to diagnosis. The treatment options are surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. (Karthikeyan, 2012). Endometrial cancer is the sixth most common malignancies among females in the worldwide and fourth most common cancer in developed countries with an estimated incidence of 288,000 new cases in the year of 2008. It occurs in the age group of 50 years with a median age group of 63 years. The risk factors are Obesity BMI (>30), long Lasting endogenous or exogenous, hyperestrogenism (polycystic ovary, tamoxifen therapy, an ovulation, null parity), hypertension. Hysterectomy surgery, radiation therapy both external and internal combined with chemotherapy are management for treating the endometrial cancer. (Colombo et al, 2006) Radiotherapy plays a key role in the treatment of patients with cancer in European countries. It is used for treating the palliative symptoms. Sometimes it may be combined with chemotherapy, surgery and hormone therapy for effective outcome. (Richardson, 2006). In the last century, radiation has been successfully used as primary and adjuvant treatment in the management of gynaecological malignancies .It is anticipated that the radiation therapy will continues as an integral component in the treatment of cervical, endometrial , vulvar, and vaginal carcinoma. (Bradley, 2006) Radiation therapy to any site in the pelvis can cause damage to many adjacent structures. The problems when treating pelvic areas include urinary problems such as pain or burning on mituration, increased frequency, and urgency of passing urine, incontinence or leakage and nocturia 23 % to 80%. Gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and proctitis can occur as a result of the radiation therapy.86% of the women receiving pelvic radiation therapy have these symptoms. Sexuality and fertility problems frequently affect men and women following pelvic radiotherapy (Kearney, 2006). Advances in the treatment of gynecological cancer had extended the duration of survival of many patients. However ,these patients frequently experience a variety of treatment and disease related side effects that diminish their quality of life during and after treatment ; because of pain ,nausea and vomiting, anemia ,fatigue ,peripheral neuropathy ,emotional distress , and sexual dysfunction . Therefore, it is important to monitor the Quality of Life during the course of the disease and its treatment. (Wenzel, 2002). Gynaecological malignancies receiving radiation therapy, experience more symptoms like fatigue, nausea and vomiting, constipation, radiation cystitis and stomach upset. Therefore, it needs prompt identification and management. (Cancer.net.com, 2012). Barbara, (2004) reported more than 60% of all clients with cancer receive radiation therapy at some point during the course of disease. It can be used as a primary , adjuvant ,or palliative treatment modality . the radiation therapy is the only primary modality of treatment used to achieve local cure of the cancer .As the adjuvant radiation therapy can be used either pre -operative or post operative to aid in the destruction of cancer cells. Chemotherapy also can be combined with radiation therapy and is administered before the Radiation therapy close in order to potentiate the effects of radiation therapy and as a palliative treatment modality to relieve pain caused by obstruction , pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression and metastasis Rebecca (2011) reported that during 20th century nearly 60% of cancer patients received radiation therapy aimed at the specific area where the tumor was located. Radiation usually given daily 5 days per week for 5 to 8 weeks. Daily treatment lasts about 15 to 30 minutes. It may be delivered externally or internally. Those with cervical or endometrial cancer, receive both external and internal radiation therapy. Henry.et al (2008) carried out the study, which examine the prevalence side effects and related treatment burden among cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The study design was cross sectional survey, 63,949 cancer patients were included. Data were collected regarding type of cancer, time since diagnosis, side effects of treatment, visits, caregiver burden, missed workdays and socio demographic characteristics. The result of the study showed that the patient experienced side effects were fatigue (80%), pain (48%), and nausea and vomiting (48%).They concluded symptomatic experienced, reported by a patients is considerable time burden during treatment. It is important to consider supportive care strategies that may effectively reduce side effects and their associated treatment burden. NEED FOR THE STUDY Cancer is a group of disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread of abnormal cell. The uncontrolled growth damages or mutations occur in the DNA. In our world, more than 100 types of cancer are existing. It is classified according to the type of cell that is initially affected in the body such as squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma etc., (Yarbo.et al, 2005). Gynaecological cancers estimated surveillance in 2013 in which, those 91,730 women will be diagnosed and in which, 28,080 will die from her disease. About cervical cancer, 12,340 were new cases and 4,030 were estimated deaths. In uterine cancer, estimated new cases 49,560 and 8,190 deaths, regarding ovarian cancer 22,240 were new cases and 14,030 deaths occur and in Vaginal and Vulvar cancer 2, 890 found new cases and 840 deaths occur. (American cancer society, 2013). In India about more than 10 lakhs people are affected by cancer among them one third is dying every year. The incidence of cancer will be increased by five times in the year of 2025. In the year of 2012, more than 5.55 lakhs people have died due to cancer in India. (Indian council for Medical Research, 2012). Gynaecological Cancer is the cancer of the female reproductive system, which includes cervical cancer, endometrial or uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, other types include fallopian tube cancer and placenta cancer, primary peritoneal cancer. (Gynecological Cancer foundation Women’s centre, 2002). Cancer has become an important public health problem with over 800, 000 new cases occur every year in India. It is the one of the ten leading cause of death. The incidence estimated to be around 70-90 /100,000 population .Cancer registries have also highlighted that more than 80% of cancer in females occur in the age group of 35- 64. Nearly 1,500,000 people require facilities, treatment and follow up at given time. About 50 -60% of all cancers among women in India are related mainly to the four organs; namely, cervix, uteri (endometrial), corpus uteri and ovaries. (Uma Devi, 2009). Radiation therapy is an important therapeutic management for treating the Gynaecological malignancies. The evidence based treatment guidelines, epidemiologic analysis suggests that radiation therapy is indicated 60% for cervical cancer patients, 45%for endometrial cancer patients, 35% of vulvar cancer patients, 100% to the vaginal cancer patients, 5% of patients with ovarian cancer. (American cancer society, 2013) Radiotherapy is the one of the main treatment options for patients with cancer. One-half of all patients with cancer receive radiation therapy during the course of the disease. It can be administered from a variety of sources. It can be divided into those outside the body called external beam radiation or teletherapy and, those inside the body or close to the surface of the body is known as internal radiation or intra cavity radiation or brachytherapy . These patients have their special needs and using inclusive of the concept of holistic care. (Ramsharan Mehta, 2007). Women with gynecological malignancies undergoing radiation therapy on the pelvic area may affect more in physical and sexual wellbeing. Radiation side effects such as nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, urinary problems and sexually depression. We nurses are the person in a position do the necessary assessment, identify the problems, and provide quality of care in order to relief from the symptoms. (Ram sharan Mehta, 2007) Dunberger Bergmark (2012) stated that majority of cancer patients treated for gynecological, rectal and anal cancer suffer from physical symptoms such as bowel problems, the urinary bladder and the genitals. They supported the nurses are important role in managing these side effects with rehabilitation programme. I have seen in my clinical posting many of the patients receiving radiation therapy for cancer treatment. In which, Woman who are undergoing radiation therapy for gynecological malignancy in that majority of them diagnosed as cervical and endometrial cancer. They have undergone both external and internal radiation therapy. However, during the course of the treatment they apparently faced many side effects from the radiation source in which it affect the overall quality of life and disrupt the daily activities. Most of the woman told mainly they have physical symptoms such as fatigue, nausea and vomiting, insomnia, anorexia, bowel incontinence, urinary problems, vaginal problems, and emotional upset. Therefore, they need to be addressed and provide the quality nursing care to reduce the symptoms experience. Nursing strategies implemented during the radiation therapy treatment help them to get rid of radiation-induced symptoms. Nurses are the experts in identifying the symptoms and pro viding best quality of care to relieve the symptom experienced by the patients. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: A study to assess the Radiation Induced Symptoms and execution of Nursing Strategies among patients with Gynaecological Malignancies at KMCH, Coimbatore. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to, assess the Radiation Induced Symptoms of patients with Gynaecological Malignancies. determine the effectiveness of Nursing Strategies on Radiation Induced Symptoms among patients with Gynaecological Malignancies. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: Radiation Induced Symptoms: It refers to the symptoms, which include pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, insomnia, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, urinary incontinence, urgency, and vaginal problems that will be assessed by radiation induced symptoms assessment questionnaire. Nursing Intervention: Independent and collaborative nursing measures will be taken and direct to manage the Radiation Induced Symptoms such as pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, urinary incontinence, urgency, vaginal problems and psychosexual problems. Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy is the one of the cancer treatment strategies by using external and internal radiation therapy to kill the cancer producing cells in the body. Patients: Patients with gynaecological malignancies such as cervical cancer, uterine cancer (endometrial), who are undergoing radiation therapy. HYPOTHESIS: H1: There is a significant difference between radiation-induced symptoms before and after execution of nursing strategies. ASSUMPTIONS: Patients who receiving radiation therapy for gynaecological malignancies are developing radiation induced physical symptoms. Nursing strategies reduce the symptoms experience. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Conceptual framework act as a building block for the research study. The overall purpose is to make research finding meaningful and generalisable. It deals with abstractions that are assembled by virtue of their relevance to a common theme (Polit and Hungler). Conceptualizations are a process of forming ideals, which are utilized for the development of research design. It helps the researcher to know what data is to be collected and gives direction to an entire research process. It provides certain framework of reference for clinical practice and research. Nursing is complex field of study with a need for practical and hands- on training as well as knowledge of the theoretical and the historical basis. Conceptual framework for this study was developed based on Ernestine Wiedenbach’s clinical nursing practice. She proposed her theory in 1970. This theory helps the nurse to guide practice and identify activities to help the patient the situation. Elements of Nursing According to Wiedenbach, there are four essential components to the field of nursing: 1. Philosophy of nursing Philosophy of nursing includes the attitudes and beliefs about life, the nurse maintains and how these beliefs affect the reality. Philosophy leads the nurse to act in a certain way to improve the patient outcome. 2. Nursing purpose The purpose of nursing includes what a particular nurse wishes to accomplish through the profession and the activities that are directed to the overall good of the Patient. 3. Nursing Practice The practice of nursing involves identifying and administering the required needs of a patients and determining whether the actions were helpful to the patient. 4. Art of Nursing Wiedenbach encouraged nurses to see nursing as an art, which includes understanding whether those actions are helpful to the patient. Wiedenbach’s view of nursing as an art based on goal directed care. Wiedenbach’s vision of nursing closely parallels the assessment, implementation and evaluation of the nursing practice. According to wiedenbach, nursing practice consists of identifying a patient’s need for help, ministering the needed help and validating that the need for help was met. According to her factual and speculative knowledge, judgment and skills are necessary for effective nursing practice. `This theory consists of three factors: central purpose, prescription and realities. A nurse develops a prescription based on a central purpose and implements it according to the realities of the situation. According to wiedenbach’s central purpose is the overall goal towards which a nurse strives. Prescription refers to the plans of care for a patient. Realities refer to the physical, physiological, emotional and spiritual factors that come into play in a situation involving nursing actions. The attributes adopted in this study are, Central purpose: The central purpose of this study is to assess the radiation induced symptoms and execution of nursing strategies among patient with Gynaecological Malignancies. Prescription: The investigator plans the prescription that will fulfill the central purpose by identifying various needs to achieve the goal. Thus, the investigator prepared nursing strategies for symptoms such as pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, appetite loss, bowel problems, urinary problems and vaginal problems. Realities: The five realities identified by Wiedenbach are agent, recipient, goal, means and framework. Agent Investigator. Recipient Gynaecological patients receiving radiation therapy. Goal Reduces the symptom experience level and feel comfortable. Means Nursing strategies. Framework Radiation oncology department in KMCH. Identification: `This includes identification of radiation-induced symptoms, the need for nursing strategies and its effectiveness on the symptom experience among Gynaecological Malignancies patients. Ministration: Ministration refers to the administration of nursing strategies for reduce the radiation induced symptoms such as pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, nutritional imbalances, bowel problems, urinary problems and vaginal problems among patients with gynaecological malignancies. Validation: It concerns the evaluation of the effectiveness of nursing strategies on radiation-induced symptoms among patients with gynaecological malignancies. A positive outcome represents patients had markedly decreased symptoms experience.

An Appraisal Of Police Reforms In Kenya Criminology Essay

An Appraisal Of Police Reforms In Kenya Criminology Essay Police Services form part of the executive arm of the Government. Before the promulgation of the Constitution 2010, on 27th August 2010 they were referred to as Police Forces and were under the Ministry of State for Provincial Administration and Internal Security. The two Police Forces were the Kenya Police and the Administration Police Forces established under the repealed Police Act Chapter 84 and Administration Police Act Chapter 85 respectively. Together with other three sister departments in the Ministry, that is the NACADAA, the Government Press and the Provincial Administration, the five key departments are all answerable to one Accounting Officer under the Ministry. The Commissioner of Police has been the in charge of the Kenya Police Force while the Commandant of Administration Police, who before 27th August, 2010 operated under delegated authority  [1]  , has been in charge of the Administration Police Force. More often than not the Police have found themselves in crossroads with members of public and Civil Society Organizations. This has led to them being viewed as the key violators of Human Rights  [2]  . They have earned a title violators rather than protectors and keepers of Human Rights. The Alston Reports  [3]  on Judicial killings laid blame on Police on deaths and disappearance of youth without anybody accounting for them. Several shootings of innocent individuals have been associated with the Police guns. The duty imposed on Police of Protection of life and property has been reduced to perception that they are to eradicate life and property of innocent people. The experts on commission for enquiry and thinkers of reforms came up with recommendations in their report after the 2007-2008 Post Election Violence which associated most loss of life to the excessive use of force by police amongst other vices and omissions. Waki Report  [4]  indicate that the security forces were powerless against the violence. Often, when we think of police reforms, the people concerned many a times tend to either forget or neglect the primary reason and function of the police service right from the initial stage it was formed to where they focus it to be, which is of great importance and should always be taken seriously. Peaceful co-existence and calmness in the society is the recipe for experiencing and enjoyment of freedom and human rights. With breach of this, society is bound to be in a chaotic state, confusion and fear. This is why police work always comes in handy if professionally applied backed with strong laws and reliable independent judicial systems. The society creates laws and puts in place the justice system to deal with law breakers; police on the other hand has a responsibility to enforce these laws within the society for the purpose of sustaining peace and calmness. When a society enjoys relative peace and order, it signifies that people obey the laws laid down with offenders being subjected to justice promptly. Strict justice systems and societies law obedience always ease the work of police. You can institute police reform, you can reorganize service delivery but you cannot alter the fundamental principles of policing and police operations. Reformers and reform agendas must be cognizant of another reality that police officers and police services are delivering something that some people in the society are opposed to. No one wants to be a victim of crime. No one wants the law, criminal or regulatory, enforced on them.  [5]   Police reform or review will not make this disappear and no matter how you package or tidy up service delivery or the players, there will always be displeasure with the police. So we mostly find that the performance of any organization depends on the principles on which it is founded and the tempered actions of its officers. Violations of the founding principle of an organization lead to straying away hence corruption, inefficiency and partisan personnel who can easily be misused by influential who have personal interest of enriching themselves. It is because of this, that the police have found themselves being misused by politicians as they serve as agents of political executives rather than as an instrument of a democratic state. This leaves a weak police Service heavily reliant of its masters who politicize and destabilize the police hence vices. The police force had been marked with a reputation of applying the law selectively against opponents, whether political or personal, at the behest of person of influence. Impunity has reigned supreme and hence reforms appearing to be a distant reality. Security is a basic human right as it is underlined by Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As a member of the family of nations, Kenya subscribes to this Declaration. As a country, we regard security as a matter of national priority.  [6]  Security of persons as a basic human right is also one of the most significant factors contributing to the quality of communities worldwide. Security provides an enabling environment for citizens to live and work in, and it stimulates social, economic and political development.  [7]   Kenyas transition, and prospects of development, hinge to a great extent on the countrys ability to guarantee security within her borders. This is a goal that the current Government is committed to attain. It is also a good that many Kenyans are longing for.  [8]   It is against this background that there have been attempts by the Kenyan Government to institute police reforms. Though the Government had initiated the Police Reforms since 2004 when the NARC Government first came to power, on platforms of Reforms, these reforms were largely operational and administrative as they did not address the structural policy and legislative reforms that were fundamental in transforming the Police.  [9]   Consequently, the Government appointed the National Task Force on Police Reforms on the 8th May, 2009, led by The Hon. Justice (Rtd) Philip Ransley in Kenya Gazette Notice No.4790.1  [0]   The Task Force was mandated with the following Terms of References:-1  [1]   Examine the existing policy, institutional, legislative, administrative, and operational structures, systems and strategies and recommend comprehensive reforms taking cognizance of the recommendations contained in agenda 4; Kriegler, Waki and other Police related Reports so as to enhance police efficiency, effectiveness and institutionalize professionalism and accountability.(Special focus to be given to recommendations on Police Service Commission; Independent Police Oversight Authority; Policing Policy; and National Security Policy); Examine the existing competence, skills knowledge and attitudes of the Police at all levels and make recommendations aimed at enhancing shared core values, policing excellence and benchmarking against international best practices. Review the human resource management and development policies with a view to examine current standards and practices in recruitment, deployment, training, career progression, exit, post-exit management and recommend implementation of changes that enhance morale, meritocracy and professionalism; Review the tooling, logistical and technological capacity and recommend changes necessary to sustain modern security management, disaster management, conflicts and early warning/rapid response systems and joint operational preparedness strategy; Review the state of preparedness of the police to combat insecurity and other forms of emerging security challenges occasioned by national and international threats such as terrorism, piracy, organized gangs, drug/human trafficking, industrial espionage, cyber crime, money laundering, and economics crimes; Review and recommend strategies to harmonize and fast-track partnership between the community and security agencies in policing; Design a continuous monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to track police reform gains and consistency of policing needs; Recommend appropriate institutional arrangement to oversee the implementation of comprehensive police reforms; Prepare a draft Police Reforms Bill to embrace the comprehensive Police reform agenda; Make any other appropriate recommendations that add value to police reforms; and Develop a prioritized implementation matrix clearly categorizing the immediate, medium, and long- term police reforms and the attendant budgetary requirements. Within two and half months to submit to the President its findings and recommendations. The task Force submitted its report on October 2009 having made various recommendations summarized under four headings:-Professionalism, accountability, operational and administrative reforms and institutional policy and legislative reforms On 8th January,2010, the Government established the Police Reforms Implementation Committee charged with the responsibility of coordinating, supervising, providing, technical guidance, facilitation as well as mobilizing resources, communicating, monitoring and evaluation of reforms in the police.1  [2]   The promulgation of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 on 27th August, 2010 marked a milestone on the issue of the Police Reforms in Kenya.To crown it all, Article 243 to 2471  [3]  constitutionally provided a departure from the previous regime organizations of the police matters. 1.1. Objectives of the Study The study intends to appraise police reforms in Kenya and recommend the best approach to reforms, hence contribute to the process of reforming the police in Kenya to be more effective and accountable in their service. The research will also act as an informative tool and strengthen the knowledge of the readers, researchers, and any other interested parties. Specific objectives of the study were: To identify indicators of police reforms; To identify appropriate analysis and measurement tools to measurement the level of police reforms in Kenya; To gauge the level of police reforms and to benchmark with that of other countries; To recommend measures for the realization of police reforms in Kenya. 1.2 Problem Statement The following points summarize problem statement concerning police reform in Kenya that this research seeks to address: Not much has been done in terms of realistically appraising police reforms in Kenya. There is lack of continuous expert evaluations along the way. In certain cases, internal evaluations that are deficit of technical analysis are carried out, the reliability of the findings may be questionable; The police still have outdated colonial cultures and brutality with deep rooted corruption rate which is a concern of the public, the Kenya Government and the international community; Lack of professionalism; ineffective supervision and poor managerial skills; inadequate and oversight accountability and oversight mechanisms in the police; Slow pace of enactment of necessary legislations to speed up the reform process; 1.3. Scope of the Research It was necessary to clearly define boundaries of the research to focus on the objectives of the study and to eliminate ambiguities. The focus of the research was to assess the successes, failures and challenges of police reforms by identifying reform indicators and gauging reform activities using them. The goal was to shed light into the realities of police reform efforts by highlighting achievements and by benchmarking with other exemplary strides in Africa and the world. This research, being an appraisal, meaning judging the nature/value of the reform process or making considered opinion on quality/extent/status, the research dwelt on aspects that closely correlated with reform evaluation. 1.4. Theoretical Framework There are various theories which justify reforms. These theories explain the relationship between the ways things are and how they ought to be, the realisms and the idealisms. The Natural Law vie propound true law as the right reason in agreement with nature.1  [4]  That law is universal, eternal and unchanging and that there is only one source of law and the enforcer of this eternal and unchanging law is God. That law is a rule whereby man is induced to act or restrained from acting. Principles common in all natural law theories are that1  [5]  there are absolute values against which the validity of law should be tested. That there exists an order which is rational and which can be known by man. That man can become aware of the universal, eternal and comprehensible values, if he observes nature and understands it correctly. And that from these values man may derive appropriate value-statements. That, that which is good is in accordance with nature and which is evil contrary to nature. That a law which lacks moral validity is wrong and unjust. Positivism refers to a system of philosophy based on things that can be seen or proved rather than ideas. The basic premise of positivism lies in the derivation of positum meaning that the law is something posited or laid down. The positivist law argues thus that true law is law enacted by the sovereign and backed by sanctions1  [6]  :- Law is a social fact; The idea of law being a command emanating from a sovereign power; The idea that law must embody a medium of sanctions; The separation of law from morals or ethical concerns; That society must be in habitual obedience of the law; Idealism refers to the practice of forming or pursuing or believing in ideas, even when this is not realistic. It is the belief that ideas are the only things that are real or about which we can know anything.1  [7]   The theoretical framework of this study is therefore to be based on the natural and positive school of thoughts which are related in that positivism arose to answer defects in the naturalists understanding of law1  [8]  . But more to the ideas of the two theories, the study is based on idealisms, what ought to be rather than what is. 1.5. Conceptual Framework There are a number of concepts that explain policing e.g. problem-oriented policing, evidence-based policing, community policing, predictive policing and intelligence-led policing. This research proposes the framework of predictive policing to analyze police reforms in Kenya. Predictive policing is defined as any policing strategy or tactic that develops and uses information and advanced analysis to inform forward thinking crime prevention1  [9]  . Predictive policing concept involves data mining, geospatial prediction, statistical probability and social network analysis. Since this research involves much of data mining and intense use of statistical methods, the concept suits this research. Predictive policing approach originated from a number of sources including intelligence and business analytics2  [0]  . This approach was adopted because the criminal justice system in Kenya currently has inadequate tools and research to the development of evidence-based practices. This concept is embraced as the police services continue developing intelligence-led policing To be able to use this approach, the research proposes a boiling pot model with a pot of reform factors on a three stone hearth acting as pillars firing the reforms. The pillars support the police organization and energize management, administration and the entire police structures. These pillars are capacity legal environment, personnel, budget compensation, personnel, training equipment. The results of the boiling pot are reduced crime rate, observance of human rights, police-public cooperation, public acceptance of the police service, political independence of the police, incorruptibility and reachable police service with authority. Figure 1 The boiling pot model of police reform Source ¼Ã… ¡Author The boiling pot model was proposed in this research as an innovative way of explaining police reforms in the context of predictive policing since a lot has to be in place to facilitate boiling. The reform process needs support and should any one pillar crumble, effects are seen in the results which are squarely dependent on input from the pillars. Again, if the boiling heat goes down, expected results are delayed, half-realized or not achieved at all. Figure 1 illustrates police reforms boiling pot model. 1.6. Limitations of the Study There were obstacles that possibly limited the validity of results of this study to some extent. Limited time and hurdles of data collection ranging from resources to field visits were cumbersome. Questionnaire questions are possible sources of error; so great care in constructing them is essential if valid information is to be gained from the survey2  [1]  . Some of the interviewees declined to answer questions or were busy or lacked interest hence could give unreliable information. This research addressed this limitation, according to guidelines by Barbara and Robert (1980), A Practice Guide to Behavioral Research, pp. 20, using interview techniques like probes and other means of avoiding socially desirable response-statements and other undesirable interviewer/respondent interactions. Availability of data on police reforms is highly limited especially in Africa2  [2]  . Available police data from the Kenya Police and Administration Police is ad hoc and not systematically collected and cannot be very reliable in appraising the successes and failures of police reforms in Kenya. Chapter 2. Literature Review Berkeley2  [3]  notes: reform is such a strong word (which) is often misapplied in regard to police service delivery. Too often it becomes the term for what should be called organization or structure review. Reform is defined as a change for the better or improvement by removal of faults2  [4]  ; it means to fine-tune and restructure without radical changes2  [5]  . Police reforms therefore mean restructuring the police services with the aim of improving them; changing them for the better and fine-tuning the services. In respect to security sector reforms, SSR, police reform is defined as the transformation of a security system, including all the actors, their roles, actions and responsibility to manage and operate the system in a manner that is consistent with democratic norms and sound principles of good governance2  [6]  . 2.1. Police Reforms in Africa Policing in Africa is still inadequately documented and has been shaped by colonial rule that was greatly concerned with protecting interests of the colonial power compared to safeguarding safety and security needs of the people2  [7]  . After colonial rule mostly during the 1960s, development of more personal, impulsive and arbitrary neo-patrimonial rule played a role in shaping the police. Incumbent regimes utilized colonially inherited repressive capacity of the police to defend regime interests2  [8]  . Since many countries in Africa have faced internal civil war, brutality and destruction, the police became perpetrators, targets and casualties. The 2008 violence in Kenya saw role of Kenyan police forces with large scale brutality and extra-judicial killings in a large scale2  [9]  . Dynamics of police reform in Africa is understood within the context of policing environment for example in conflict-ridden areas, rural area policing, role of politics in reform process among others. In conflict areas, general policing is always seen as irrelevant or as part of the problem since more of military approaches are adopted. In such cases, new armed units which act as roving agents of repression and control3  [0]  are created to defend the interest of the power of the day. There are proofs of intimate connection between police and politics in Africa3  [1]  . Police reform is regarded a political endeavor and political interests are fundamental to the reform process. Police reforms envisaged in Africa involve changes in structure, function and legitimacy. Structurally police change from centralized to decentralized form; functionally the police change from emphasizing defense of regime to protection of citizens, and regarding legitimacy the change is from regime-based to people-driven legitimacy3  [2]  . Police Reforms in South Africa and the United States of America It is important to do comparative analysis of police reforms in Kenya with that in the USA and South Africa as benchmarks. The two countries are chosen as pinnacles of police reforms with South Africa giving a realistic African example. 2.2.1. Police Reform in South Africa Police reform in South Africa is understood within the unique political context. Apartheid system had racial status as its main feature and security institutions were organized in a similar way  [38]  39. South African Police and the judiciary were dominated by white officers at the senior level. Apartheid was known for brutality of security forces and widespread violation of human rights. During 1960 1990, about 78,000 people were detained without trial by the police because of political activism against apartheid  [40]  . Seventy-three executions in detention by police were recorded during that period of formal apartheid. In recent years, security forces were responsible for high levels of torture, extra-judicial executions and disappearance of pro-democracy activists. The coercion of unpopular racist laws created a deep crisis of legitimacy in the pre-reform criminal justice system in South Africa. In the late 1980s, the state of apartheid was in serious crisis forcing the police, army and bureaucracy to invent strategies, one being National Security Management System (NSMS) to defeat the liberation movements. The police and military suppressed protests during the State of Emergency declared in 1985 and there were mass arrests, trials, persecution, and murder. Police reform was shaped by negotiated political settlement after apartheid, that agreed to retain all employees of the apartheid government, police officers included. The settlement also created a Government of National Unity and Truth and Reconciliation Commission which dealt with some police abuses in apartheid. As negotiations were going on, the police were already involved in framing new arrangements for the management of public order and security of elections under the auspices of the National Peace Accord multi-party experience that gave the police a preview of the style required by democratic government. The police reform process was given highest priority in the first period of transition and state institutions relevant to effective combat of crime were put in place  [41]  . Mandela government had a challenge to build trust between state agencies, including the police, and the citizens. The police was given legitimacy of being associated with the new regime and was attached to repression of apartheid. Police-community relationship was to be built to allow the basic functionality of the police institution  [42]  . The initial steps to police reform in South Africa were shaped by clear strategic decision taken by the government with strong emphasis on accountability and oversight. In the second term of the democratically elected government, after political control and legitimacy has been achieved, the government started to emphasize the role of police in fight against crime. With many unresolved issues in initial stage of police reform, the government gave great importance to several strategic priorities and policies leading to great ideas in paper but inadequate capacity to implement policies in the police institution. Though South African experience of police reform is cited as a model for other African states, the process was laborious and often agonizing for members of the police organization  [43]  . 2.2.2. Police Reform in the United States of America Initial efforts of reform were through establishment of external commissions that outlined reforms and left the burden of implementation to the police. Important changes in policing, in respect to civil rights and constitutional law, were realized through a number of court decisions  [44]  3. Court decisions between 1961 and 1966, especially Mapp versus Ohio and Miranda versus Arizona, were highly influential and thus began to set national policing standards  [45]  3  [4]  . During the 1970s, special commissions were used to create changes in police and other law enforcement agencies. Permanent external oversight agencies were used to improve police accountability. The agencies focused on individual improvements3  [5]  and left out broader organizational issues that could result to long-term reform initiatives. Enactment of Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act in 1994 allowed for suits against law enforcement agencies with regard to abuses resulting into many departments signing memorandum of understandings to reform3  [6]  . The United States Department of Justice conducted investigation on abuse patterns in police and brought legal action to force changes. Less-than-lethal weapons like chemical sprays were introduced as alternatives to deadly force3  [7]  . Police reform encouraged police officers to try to deescalate situations with verbal warnings and persuasion and consider use of force continuum3  [8]  . 2.3. Key Lessons from South Africa and USA The following are clear from the two experiences3  [9]  : Substantial resistance to police reform efforts is highly expected from economic elite who gained from the old system and institutions which control public security apparatus; Sectors that feel insecure would champion for citizen-oriented policing; There is possibility of politicians taking selfish advantage of the reform process and thus violating the spirit of police reform; The government in place may form parallel police units that undermine development and legitimacy of the reform process or even favor particular police units compared to the others; In attempts to demilitarize the police, attention should be focused on composition, mission, doctrine and hierarchical separation of the police from military command; Participation of previously neglected groups in policing helps to ensure that policing is effectively representative of and responsive to the society. International actors can provide assistance with issues of composition and doctrine, as well as advice. To achieve effective reforms, there is need to strengthen and equip crim

American Communist Containment Policy 1945-1953 Essay -- Politics Comm

Containment Policy 1945-1953 America used a variety of methods to contain Soviet influence between 1945-1953. Methods such as Propaganda and flexing of muscle became essential as America justified its policies and actions as part of the struggle to save Capitalist Ideology from the Communist oppressors. Ideology was the main source of conflict between the USA and USSR. This difference in ideology led inevitably to distrust between the two superpowers. The USSR believed in a state controlled economy which discouraged free enterprise, antithesis of America's economic system; the encouragement of free enterprise and the privatization of industry. Thus, the divergent economic structures of the superpowers painted different perspectives, which inevitably sowed the seeds for further conflict between the USA and USSR. The conferences between the USA and USSR up until 1945 showed the various disagreements between the USA and USSR. These conferences were held in Tehran in December 1945, Yalta in February 1945 and Potsdam in July 1945. The main source of conflict between USA and USSR was the future status of Europe. The USA wanted a democratic capitalist continent that it could influence. The USSR wanted to spread Communism and prevent the disasters of World War II recurring again. While Stalin was a brutal and ruthless dictator responsible for millions of deaths, feared and resented by many eastern Europeans, he actually did not intend to conquer the world. This was the basic misunderstanding which fueled the Cold War: the U.S. government, as well as many private citizens, believed that the Russians were engaged in a world-wide con... ...e of 1954, West Germany was permitted to join NATO. In 1955 it became a member of NATO and the following year East Germny joined the Warsaw Pact. USA armed West Germany with 400 000 soldiers as a barrier against the USSR. Thus, the wars and methods of containing Soviet influence always reverted back on the focus of Germany. America had used a variety of methods to contain Soviet influence. These methods did not prove successful as each attempt to umbrella nations from Communism backfired. The Marshall Plan and the defense of South Korea were counter-reacted with the Molotov Plan and the tightening of the Soviet 'Buffer Zone'. Thus, America's containment policies only hindered the implementation of the true ideas 'containment', which concluded with the strengthening of Soviet influence around Europe and the world.

To View or Not To View :: Media News Television Essays

To View or Not To View Staying in touch with the outside world, via the 10:00 evening news, has become increasingly difficult for me the last couple years. Not only am I usually not awake at 10:00, but if I am, I do not want to spend my time hearing about the many murders, rapes, and robberies that plaque our city. Television news has not only taken on a tabloid-like feel, but the substance of most of the news stories is a total waste of my viewing time. However, in an effort to stay connected, I currently listen to the morning TV news as well as read the Chicago Tribune on a daily basis. The local news broadcast I taped to critique for this paper was the 5:00 News on Channel 5 which was shown on Monday, April 7, co-anchored by Joan Esposito, a 30ish white female, and Warren Saunders, a late 50's black male. I viewed a total of 13 stories which were comprised mainly of murder, weather and informational topics. The "Top Story" was about a 7 year old girl who was murdered by a gang member while she was waiting in line to get ice cream. The story's time went for approximately 4 minutes and included 3 interviews of people, 3 different on-screen captions and a camera span of teddy bears on a fence. The actual meaty parts of this story, that is, the facts, were fully given in this broadcast. However, interviews with crying persons of the gang members' families, and the little girl's school superintendent musing out loud on what this little girl could have become, was a total waste of time. Conversely, scanning the teddy bears was touching, but lent nothing to the telling of the tragic event that took this girl's life. I suppose the "powers that be" at the news station do not feel the public can feel on their own, thus we are constantly being given visual reminders of how sad a story is. I can safely say that the Top Story of the majority of broadcasts that I view are murders. Based on that premise, the senseless murder of this child was an important story in Chicago that day. I do take exception, however, to the many visuals used to evoke emotion as the sadness of the story spoke for itself. Apart from this story, the only remaining "news stories" consisted of a murder of a cab driver and two stories of missing persons.

Criminal Administrator’s Responsibilities

Administrative functions and responsibilities cover a wide spectrum of concerns relating to workers’ employee rights. Corollary, the basic rights of employees guaranteed by the constitution and other statutes underlie the duties and responsibilities of a criminal justice administrator. With regards to drug testing, the criminal justice administrator should establish guidelines clarifying purposes and procedures governing the testing for drugs and alcohol based on reasonableness of purpose and scope, or when there is a special need that outweighs the individual's privacy interest (The National Worksrights Institute). The administrator should therefore institute a written policy which identifies the specific positions subject to testing, the manner in which the testing will be administered, the right of an employee to refuse to be tested and the consequences of refusing, the disciplinary or other action which may result from a test, and the rights of a person with respect to retesting and appeal. Relating to privacy rights, the criminal justice administrator should see to it that clear guidelines are in place to respect an employee’s reasonable expectation of privacy in his desk, file cabinets, and office, and enforce procedures in making reasonable intrusions into those zones of privacy (O'Connor v. Ortega, 107 S. Ct. 1492, 1987). In this modern era of digital technology, the criminal justice administrator must establish policies and protocols including proper monitoring practices to respect the privacy rights of employees. You can read also King v Cogdon The administrator should ensure that mechanisms are in place to provide clear written notification of their right and intent to randomly monitor, read and intercept data from workplace computer networks and terminals (The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986). Additionally, the administrator must issue guidelines to ensure confidentiality of medical information and all medical data related to the employee’s health, diagnosis and treatment of illness or any information revealed during medical consultations (American with Disabilities Act of 1990). With regards to sexual harassment issues, the administrator must take all steps necessary to prevent sexual harassment from occurring, such as affirmatively raising the subject, expressing strong disapproval, developing appropriate sanctions, informing employees of their right to raise and how to raise the issue of harassment and developing methods to sensitize all concerned. As such, the administrator must implement an effective sexual harassment preventive program founded on an explicit policy against sexual harassment that is clearly and regularly communicated to employees and effectively implemented. The administrator should see to it that a procedure for resolving sexual harassment complaints and to encourage victims to file complaints is in place. Thus, the administrator should take immediate and appropriate corrective action by doing whatever is necessary to end the harassment, make the victim whole by restoring lost employment benefits or opportunities, and prevent the misconduct from recurring. (U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 1990). Concerning disability issues, the criminal justice administrator should formulate policies and guidelines that shall not discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to â€Å"job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment†. (Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, Section 102). As such, he must impose standards, criteria, or methods of administration or administrative control that respect the rights of persons with disabilities.

Achilles and Odysseus Essay

It is not unknown that people look up to heroes and even try to emulate their actions; however, there is a relevant question that needs to be asked in order to facilitate a thorough understanding of what differentiates a hero—from someone who is merely fighting for himself. According to Aristotle’s Politics (9), â€Å"[†¦ ] he who is unable to live in society, or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must either be a beast or a god: he is no part of a state. † While it may not seem to be rather obvious, but this particular line in Aristotle’s Politics tacitly implies that men who possess extraordinary characteristics and goals, such as heroes can be compared to either gods or wild animals. Since they are heroes, they do not need the help of other individuals (self-sufficient) and are detached from their community, they are not different from wild animals. While it can be said that the epic heroes discussed in this particular critique have contributed to their respective time and place, it is necessary to look at how they were able to contribute, and whether such contribution, indeed, was something deserving of praise and adoration. If one is to analyze Achilles and Odysseus in light of Aristotle’s philosophy, it would be realized that there is much more to a hero than just defeating his adversary. There is a difference with what makes a person a hero, a god, and a beast. Discussion: The Comparison Between Achilles and Odysseus According to John Miles Foley’s A Companion to Ancient Epic (77), a comparison between Achilles and Odysseus is vital in understanding not only Greek epic, but also the concept of a hero and his relationship to his community in a â€Å"specific historical time and place† (Foley 77). The difference between these two heroes is that while Achilles’ personality is monolithic, Odysseus’ personality is many-sided. It is also seen in the Iliad and the Odyssey that â€Å"while Achilles achieves his epic supremacy as a warrior, Odysseus achieves his own kind of epic supremacy in an alternative way, as a master of crafty stratagems and cunning intelligence† (Foley 79). If one is to take Aristotle’s line regarding heroes as wild animals into consideration, it will be seen that Aristotle may actually have a logical point, particularly owing to the fact that Achilles’ anger was the main cause of the countless problems the Greeks encountered as they pursued their war with the Trojans (Foley 79). According to Robin Sowerby (247), although Achilles is considered an epic hero, this does not remove the fact that he had been a compulsive hero, who had been unable to control his anger, thus, her endangered not only himself, but also his loved ones and his own country. His stubborn attitude in doing what he wanted resulted, then, in deaths and further suffering. It is not unknown that Achilles had too much pride, horrible temper, and resentment which was boiling deep within him, all of which may have clouded his judgment (Sowerby 247), thus, hindering him from properly functioning as a part of a team during the war. He fought for himself and he fought on his own; however, â€Å"it is by no means easy for one man to superintend many things; he will have to appoint a number of subordinates† (Aristotle 74) in order to get a job done properly instead of doing everything on his own. Needless to say, Achilles’ irrationality, temper, and desire to defeat his adversary alone were his weaknesses. If one is to analyze Achilles’ characteristics in Aristotle’s point of view, these would be the reasons to consider this hero as either a beast or a god; although it would seem as if Aristotle would be leaning toward the description that Achilles was a beast, rather than a god. It must be understood that to Aristotle, everyone has their own position in a state, in a community, and if an individual chooses to not act on his duty—and prefer to be disagreeable and stubborn like Achilles instead of working with other individuals toward a common goal of the community, then he is not part of that community, and therefore, he must either be a beast or a god. But if one is to analyze Achilles in light of Aristotle’s discussion, it is only logical to say that Achilles had been a hero who was more of a beast than a god. According to Aristotle (73), â€Å"passion perverts the minds of rulers, even when they are the best of men. † This statement is particularly true, if one carefully analyzes Achilles’ character. His temper and his pride has made him do horrible mistakes that cannot be undone. His passion, his will to become a warrior, to prove that he was strong and he can do everything on his own without the help of other individuals, eventually corrupted him and resulted in tragedy. Odysseus, on the other hand, is the polar opposite of Achilles. According to Douglas Olson’s Blood and Iron: Stories and Storytelling in Homer’s Odyssey (52), although he is prominently known as the man who tried to save his fellowmen and dismally failed and returned home empty-handed, the fault must not be attributed to him. It is known that the sailors he wanted to bring back to their homes perished during their journey home—but not because Odysseus was a bad leader and he was unable to handle the responsibility. It has to be clear that their own demise was their own fault; their wrongdoings had to be punished. This was an occurring theme in the Odyssey and must not be mistaken for a failure of this particular Greek hero. In analysis, if Odysseus were an irresponsible leader as people make him out to be due to the deaths of the sailors, then he would not be able to lead his country properly as a good king. In fact, before the event that they had to travel by sea, Odysseus had proven to be a very responsible leader to his crew. When his men were hungry, instead of sending them out to hunt while they were tired, he let them sleep and did the hunt himself for his men. He was able to kill a stag and carried it to their camp in order for his men to be able to eat a feast the next day (McCaughrean 32). While it seems as if he was like Achilles who wanted to do things on his own, Odysseus was different in the sense that he wanted to look out for them, and believed that they deserved to rest their tired bodies, so he let them, and hunted food for them. He was merely acting the way a leader should towards his followers, compared to Achilles who wanted to work alone and often subjected people around him to irrational bursts of temper. In Odysseus’ tale, there was no Hector to be defeated—only sailors who are disobedient and Penelope’s (Odysseus’ wife) suitors who flocked around her when they presumed that Odysseus was already dead. Although Odysseus had to be cunning in order to overcome struggles, his tale was more of a fight with principles and morals rather than a fight with swords and shields. Of course, it is largely debatable as to whether which is the far more difficult battle, but regardless of which is more difficult, the point is that unlike Achilles who preferred to work alone and refused to be a good leader, Odysseus was up to the job and understood what it meant to be a leader to his people. Odysseus cannot be deemed a god, for he knew what it was to live in a society; he knew that he needed other people despite his qualities as a hero, he was willing to lead his people, as well as fight and sacrifice for them. Summary As seen in the aforementioned discussion, Achilles and Odysseus had their own ways to fight their battles. While it is given that arguments will arise to whether such epic heroes have done the appropriate means to win their battles, it cannot be denied that Aristotle made sense when he stated that â€Å"desire is a wild beast† (Aristotle 73). It may not seem much to a lot of individuals but such a simple phrase contains a large truth that cannot be avoided. Individuals who let themselves be absorbed by their desires often find themselves weak in creating moral decisions, for desire often tempts man into doing what he wants and not what he should. As seen in the comparison between Achilles and Odysseus, one must ultimately ask: Who is the better hero? Who is the beast? Is there a god? There is Achilles who fought and won for himself, for his desire to kill his adversary, not for his people, whereas there is Odysseus, who failed to bring his men home, but he tried to lead them the best way he could. While Achilles was a beast, it cannot be said that Odysseus was a god—for Aristotle’s statement was undeniable: in order to be part of a society, must one know one’s place. It is not about self-sufficiency, it was about helping each other and knowing which position to take and fill in. A real hero, apparently, is not the one who cannot be likened to a god, for he is not self-sufficient, and he needed others; neither can the real hero be likened to a beast, for he does not merely fight for himself—he fights for others. The hero is the one who tried, failed, and yet, was still able to lead his people onward. Works Cited Aristotle. Politics. South Dakota: Nu Vision Publicationas, LCC. Print. Foley, John Miles. A Companion to Ancient Epic. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. Print. McCaughrean, Geraldine. Odysseus. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Print. Olson, Douglas & Homer. Blood and Iron: Stories and Storytelling in Homer’s Odyssey. The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1995. Print. Sowerby, Robin. The Augustan Art of Poetry: Augustan Translation of the Classics. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. , 2006. Print.

Looking for Alaska

Looking For Alaska In life we face many issues and challenges. Perhaps the most challenging time is when we are Teens. Being a teen means being in that time period when we feel invincible, reckless and we are still trying to figure out who we are. For Miles Halter, he was just like everybody else. John Green’s novel Looking for Alaska tells the story of Miles Halter, a shy teenager who transfers to Culver Creek Boarding School for his junior year of high school, in search of the â€Å"Great Perhaps. † While at Culver Creek, Miles faces many issues including trying to fit in, falling in love, and death. When Miles lived in Florida he had no friends. He would always eat lunch by himself and everybody picked on him. When the chance came up for Miles to go to a boarding school in Alabama, he begged his parents to let him go. When Miles arrived at Culver creek he was greeted by his roommate Chip. The first night at his dorm Miles was awoken to some boys who picked him up and threw him in the lake. For many teenagers moving to a new place means starting over. You get to make new friends and nobody knows who you are. The challenges kids face when moving, however is trying to fit in when everybody knows each other. The surroundings are new and you don’t really know anyone. For me moving when I was 13 it was the scariest thing in my life. I, like, everyone else had a hard time making friends, but eventually I did. Falling in love is also another issue teen’s face. When in high school there is always that boy or girl who catches your eye. When Miles started hanging out with his roommate Chip, he met Alaska Young. Alaska was the girl that didn’t care what anybody thought of her. She smoke, she drank, and she even pulled pranks, but Miles started falling in love with her. The issue that Miles had to face with falling in love was that he was starting to turn bad. Miles started smoking and drinking just to look cool for Alaska. I think many Teenagers do things that they normally don’t do to impress a girl or boy whether it’s good or bad. After a night of partying Miles wakes up and gets a phone call. The person explains to miles that Alaska got in a car accident while intoxicated and died. Miles thinks it is one of Alaska’s pranks and starts to laugh. When Chip opens the door sobbing, Miles realizes that what the person said on the phone wasn’t pulling a prank. Sobbing, Miles realizes that the girl he loved is dead. During her funeral, Miles is nowhere to be seen and is skipping class to get drunk and high. Many teens have to deal with a loved one dying. When a loved one dies many teens get the mindset that their live is not important without that person in it. All in all Miles did have to face more issues than many teens, but the struggles Miles had to face made him who he is. We all face issues during our teen live whether it’s trying to fit in, falling in love, or the death of a loved one. We must move on from these issues in the end, and they will make us the people we are. Looking for Alaska Looking For Alaska In life we face many issues and challenges. Perhaps the most challenging time is when we are Teens. Being a teen means being in that time period when we feel invincible, reckless and we are still trying to figure out who we are. For Miles Halter, he was just like everybody else. John Green’s novel Looking for Alaska tells the story of Miles Halter, a shy teenager who transfers to Culver Creek Boarding School for his junior year of high school, in search of the â€Å"Great Perhaps. † While at Culver Creek, Miles faces many issues including trying to fit in, falling in love, and death. When Miles lived in Florida he had no friends. He would always eat lunch by himself and everybody picked on him. When the chance came up for Miles to go to a boarding school in Alabama, he begged his parents to let him go. When Miles arrived at Culver creek he was greeted by his roommate Chip. The first night at his dorm Miles was awoken to some boys who picked him up and threw him in the lake. For many teenagers moving to a new place means starting over. You get to make new friends and nobody knows who you are. The challenges kids face when moving, however is trying to fit in when everybody knows each other. The surroundings are new and you don’t really know anyone. For me moving when I was 13 it was the scariest thing in my life. I, like, everyone else had a hard time making friends, but eventually I did. Falling in love is also another issue teen’s face. When in high school there is always that boy or girl who catches your eye. When Miles started hanging out with his roommate Chip, he met Alaska Young. Alaska was the girl that didn’t care what anybody thought of her. She smoke, she drank, and she even pulled pranks, but Miles started falling in love with her. The issue that Miles had to face with falling in love was that he was starting to turn bad. Miles started smoking and drinking just to look cool for Alaska. I think many Teenagers do things that they normally don’t do to impress a girl or boy whether it’s good or bad. After a night of partying Miles wakes up and gets a phone call. The person explains to miles that Alaska got in a car accident while intoxicated and died. Miles thinks it is one of Alaska’s pranks and starts to laugh. When Chip opens the door sobbing, Miles realizes that what the person said on the phone wasn’t pulling a prank. Sobbing, Miles realizes that the girl he loved is dead. During her funeral, Miles is nowhere to be seen and is skipping class to get drunk and high. Many teens have to deal with a loved one dying. When a loved one dies many teens get the mindset that their live is not important without that person in it. All in all Miles did have to face more issues than many teens, but the struggles Miles had to face made him who he is. We all face issues during our teen live whether it’s trying to fit in, falling in love, or the death of a loved one. We must move on from these issues in the end, and they will make us the people we are.