Role Of Cancer As A Genetic Disease - 2893 Words

Case Study: BIOT 635 Prahelika Reddy ROLE OF ONCOGENES IN CANCER RESEARCH 1. Introduction The idea that development of cancer as a genetic disease was first postulated by Cavenee et al and developed by Fearon and Vogelstein. According to COSMIC (Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer) database, the current list of known somatic genetic mutations leading to cancer is 522. Genes which undergo mutations leading to cancer can be classified into two groups - Proto-Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor genes. Proto-Oncogenes are the genes that are responsible for cell proliferation i.e. they code for the proteins that are responsible for growth of cell. Tumor Suppressor genes have an opposite effect and code for proteins that regulate cell cycle and†¦show more content†¦The first oncogene targeted anti-cancerous agents are Gleevec and Herceptin. Gleevec is a small molecule designed to target tyrosine kinase (enzymes that activate many proteins by signal transduction cascades) encoded by bcr/abl oncogene. Herceptin is a monoclonal antibody which interferes with the receptors responsible for activation of proteins which signal cell proliferation. It was earlier thought that up to seven independent genetic hits are necessary for the development and progression of a malignant cancer[Fearon ER and Vogelstein B, 1990], but recent studies suggest that abnormal expression of only three genes might be sufficient for normal cells to convert to cancer cells [Hahn WC et al 1999]. In one such case (H-ras, hTERT, SV40LT) the cancer causing genes were all dominant and transformed proto oncogenes. Also, in this case inactivation of a single oncogene (e.g., mutant ras) can result in tumor regression which implies that in some cases (e.g., mutant ras) continuous expression of oncoproteins is functionally important, non-redundant and indispensable for sustained tumor growth despite a great number of genetic and epigenetic complexities associated with tumor formation. This phenomena is called â€Å"Oncogene Addiction† and it provides a rationale for targeted therapy. Thus, Oncogenes have attracted a great deal of interest as molecular t argets for cancer therapy in recent years.

What role did Maurice Papon play in the World War II in french collective memory Free Essay Example, 1500 words

This was ranking as the second highest position in the whole of Gironde region (Golsan 149). Maurice Papon was already a strong leader and commander so he ordered the Vichy officials to be more alert in exterminating the Jews out of Paris. He first thought of putting all the children’s homes, children’s schools, convents and hostels under police observation. He also made sure was police was assigned everywhere where Jews might be hiding. Even though because of religious believes many saints and Catholic leaders complained but Maurice Papon justified it by telling them that because of the country’s defence this is important and at the time of the Vatican city, the pope did not speak so they should also let the work continue. Hence, Papon was successful in exterminating hundreds of Jews ‎ (Tigar 69). ‎. By the summer of 1942, Maurice Papon was successful in arresting about 1650 Jews which included men, women, senior citizens and even children. The prisoners were then sent to an Auschwitz, which is a house that was especially made by the German Nazi’s where the prisoners from different countries were held as captives. We will write a custom essay sample on What role did Maurice Papon play in the World War II in french collective memory or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The house was first build to imprison the political leaders who were proved as a danger to the Nazi’s (Durham 180). Around twelve huge ships were arranged to take the Jewish prisoners to the Auschwitz. This process was done very fast because Maurice Papon feared that the Jews might escape the prison while this was happening. He got so dedicated to his work that out of the twelve huge ships, four were personally organized by him, which helped the transferring of the prisoners fast and secure and a handful of them were the only ones that could escape. Papon wanted to do least harm to the Jews because some of them were also the ones that were living in Paris for generations and some of them were very young and innocent children and some of them were senior citizens who were barely able to walk; this is why he made the decision of sending them of to the Auschwitz, where they will have the slightest bit of punishment or the punishment that all of them deserve. Even though this shows a very warm heart gesture, he is still not regarded for it (Tigar 69). By the mid of 1994, the tables started turning against Germany, which meant that the war was now against the Germans. Maurice Papon started to inform the German Nazi’s about the confrontation. It is usually quoted that Maurice Papon who took many Jewish men, women children and senior citizens as prisoners never let them reach a safe place like the Auschwitz and they were killed during the journey.

The Chain of Love and Cruelty in Brontes Wuthering Heights

Bronte, The author of the Wuthering Heights, expresses many themes and morals in her book. The one most important in the Wuthering Heights is the theme of love and cruelty. The main characters, Catherine and Heathcliff, show these actions time and time again. They occur because of the other, much like the yin and the yang. Love leads to cruelty and cruelty leads to love. In Wuthering Heights, there are two different types of love shown: platonic and passionate. Both of these types of love lead to cruelty to other characters. As Heathcliff states boldly within the first few chapters of the novel, love’s cruelty survives even beyond death. â€Å"Cathy, do come. Oh do – once more! Oh! My heart’s darling; hear me this time, Catherine, at last!†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦This leads to him running away from the heights entirely, leaving Catherine to marry Edgar. â€Å"He had listened till he heard Catherine say it would degrade her to marry him.† (81) . Upon his return (two years later), Heathcliff marries Isabella to get back at Catherine, and her speech about how marrying him would degrade her. Isabella is also taken against her and her family’s will. Heathcliff kidnaps her and locks her away at the heights. In a letter written to Nelly, Isabella confirms that it was truly against her will for her leaving, and that she cannot return in the time of crisis in her brother’s life. â€Å"†¦ an entreaty for kind remembrance and reconciliation, if her proceeding offended him: asserting that she could not help it then, and being done, no power to repeal it.† (140). In the act of kidnapping Isabella, Heathcliff’s intent is to hurt Catherine. Catherine would develop almost a jealous-like temper towards the whole situation, as Heathcliff knew it would. Even on Catherine’s deathbed, there is a constant push and pull (in almost a literal sense) of the cruelty that goes on between the two of them. Betw een the crying, the vexing, and the constant apologies, comes the brutal cruelty of the words Catherine speaks to Heathcliff. â€Å"I shall not pity you, not I. You have killed me – and thriven on it, I think.† (164) Only towards the end of the book does Catherine’s curse of cruelty really end. Cathy Linton-HeathcliffShow MoreRelatedLove In Wuthering Heights Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe story of Emily Brontà «s Wuthering Heights has been one of the most influential and powerful piece of literature ever written. After being published, it garnered a lot of interest because of the theme that was deemed misleading and critically unfit for society. The main theme of the book revolves around the evolution of love, passion and cruelty. During the first half of the book, Catherine showed different types of love for two different people. Her love for Heathcliff was her everythingRead MoreLove, Revenge, and Passion1179 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Bronte will forever be known for the infamous romance of Heathcliff and Catherine in Wuthering Heights. Not many couples can boast such a tumultuous and violent relationship, or of such passion and devotion. Catherine and Heathcliff share a bond that reaches deeper than a physical attraction. From their childhood until their deaths, their lives revolve around the other. Their preoccupation with each other does not represent the loving nature of most relationships; in fact, it often exhibitsRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1936 Words   |  8 PagesWuthering Heights, a novel by Emily Bronte is one of the most admired and favorable written works in English literature. When the novel was published in the year 1847, it sold very poorly and only received a minimum amou nt of reviews. Although the novel does not contain any sexual relations or bloodshed, it is considered to be inappropriate due to its portrayal of an unconstrained love and cruelty. Wuthering Heights is formed on the Gothic tradition in the late 18th century, which consists of supernaturalRead MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1878 Words   |  8 PagesAt the center of Wuthering Heights lies a tragic vision of decay and detachment which depends completely on the severances Emily Bronte has created between characters, estates, and social statuses. Bronte reveals societal flaws that had never before been recognized during her time and creates a raw vision of Victorian life; one in which the differences between characters and their social standings outweigh their true beliefs and desires when it comes to who they choose to be, who they choose to surroundRead MoreSocial Class And Its Effect On Love : Wuthering Heights1980 Words   |  8 PagesAnna Seweryniak Mr. Rossi AP English III 2 March, 2015 A Fear of Heights Social Class and its Effect on Love: Wuthering Heights At the center of Wuthering Heights lies a tragic vision of decay and detachment which depends completely on the severances Emily Bronte has created between characters, estates, and social statuses. Bronte reveals societal flaws that had never before been recognized during her time and creates a raw vision of Victorian life; one in which the differences between charactersRead MoreThe Victorian Elements in Wuthering Heights by Emily BrontÃ'‘ Essay3662 Words   |  15 PagesThe Victorian elements in Wuthering Heights by Emily BrontÃ'‘ The Victorian Era, in which BrontÃ'‘ composed Wuthering Heights, receives its name from the reign of Queen Victoria of England. The era was a great age of the English novel, which was the ideal form to descibe contemporary life and to entertain the middle class. Emily, born in 1818, lived in a household in the countryside in Yorkshire, locates her fiction in the worlds she knows personally. In addition, she makes the novel even more personal

Essay about Decision Making Process Model - 1912 Words

Introduction The decision is to select an action among a number of actions that solves a given problem, that prevents a problem from happening, or that forces to apply new ideas for development. The need for understanding decision making process is increasing because the complexity of modern organizations is increasing, and because the modern organizations effectiveness depends on the decisions made by the managers. The question is how to select the most appropriate action to solve the problem satisfying all stakeholders. Many methods have been developed to simplify the decision making process. In this paper, the rational model of decision making will be discussed first. Then, some of the factors that cause deviation in the rational†¦show more content†¦The difficulties that were accompanied with this approach led to deviation from the rational model. Complexity of modern organizations and the limited cognitive ability of decision makers were most influencing factors in the deviation . The decision makers were unable to operate under perfect rationality conditions. The information about a decision was mostly unavailable or unclear, and open to different interpretations. Also, the criteria of evaluating alternative solutions were not agreed upon. It also required very long time and a lot of energy of the decision makers to pursue a maximizing outcome. These constrains led to a conclusion that the absolute rational model is unreachable. Simon presented the bounded rationality as a result of human and organization constraints. He sees that the managers would not achieve the requirements of rational behavior. He observed that different types of decisions can be processed in different ways, namely: programmed decisions and non-programmed decisions. The programmed decisions category included decisions that occur frequently. Managers are used to these types of decisions and they already have developed some kind of protocols and procedures for making them. These decisions usually are left for the lower posts in the organizational hierarchy. Non-programmed decisions category included decisions to solve problems that are rarely faced. TheShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of Consumer Decision-Making Process Model5350 Words   |  22 PagesABSTRACT As the market place is changing, the purpose of this report is to critically analyse 2 chosen consumer decision process models, the KBM model by Kotler, Bowen and Makens (2006) and the BEM model by Blackwell, Miniard and Engel (2006) if they are vague or/ and all-encompassing in hospitality industry today with relevant industry examples. Secondary research is used to conduct data to support the author’s argument. Consumer behaviour in hospitality industry today is changing by the impactRead MoreThe Army Problem Solving Model and The Rapid Decision Making and Synchronization Process1114 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Army Problem Solving Model (Process) with the Rapid Decision Making and Synchronization Process. (C100) Military leaders make decisions and solve problems every day. Some need a decision quickly while others can take time. The US Army has several decision-making methods to assist leaders. The Army Problem Solving Model (Process) (PSM) is a systematic approach to identifying the best possible solution to an issue or problem and a deliberate method of decision-making (FM 6-0, 2009). LeadersRead MoreDecision Making : An Essential Skill Of A Productive And Successful Manager1089 Words   |  5 PagesDecision-making is an essential skill of a productive and successful manager as it has direct impact on the organization and team. Decision-making is the process of ‘selecting an alternative from among choices that are accessible.’ There are three main models of decision-making, these include rational, intuition and bounded rationality model. These provide an effective option of dealing with decision-making, and also helps to build support for the final decision and active co mmitment to that decisionsRead MoreDecision Making An Effective Decision1094 Words   |  5 PagesDecision-making is an important process. It can be a task, which needs a simple decision to be made or a difficult situation involving several issues. In difficult situations, there may be uncertainty and complexities, wherein there may be interrelated factors that could lead to high-risk consequences, the impact of the decision made could be very important. Every situation will have its own set of uncertainties and consequences. Interpersonal issues too come in the way of making an effective decisionRead MoreDecision Making Cycle1030 Words   |  5 Pages § The principles involved in managerial decision making and effective problem solving. The Rational Decision Making emerges from Organizational Behavior. The process is one that is logical and follows the orderly path from problem identification through solution. The Rational Decision Making is a seven step model for making rational and logical reasons: Define the problem The very first step which is normally overlooked by the top level management is defining the exact problem. ThoughRead MoreThe Ethical Decision Making Models1576 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Decision-Making Models Decision-making in the field of psychology refers to a cognitive process that results in a selection among multiple possible solutions in a situation (Colman, 2008). Decision-making is based on available information from the environment as well as intrinsic information and existing schemas (Rogerson, Gottlieb, Handelsman, Knapp Younggren, 2011). These internal schemas, along with knowledge and personal preferences, influence the decision-making process. EthicalRead MoreDecision Making Of A Bse Veterinary Service846 Words   |  4 PagesDecision Making Companies all over the world are faced with decision daily. Some decisions are small in nature with minimal effects on the company or its employees. While other decisions have a tremendous effect on the entire company. This paper will provide a detailed description of the top three ways to make decisions, such as the rational model, the organizational process model, and the collaborative model. Also, provide some techniques for making decisions. Furthermore, one of these models willRead MoreOverview of Decision Making Models761 Words   |  3 PagesDecision Making According to Robert Harris, (2009) decision making is the process or the study of identifying and choosing the best alternatives and best fits the goals, values and the desired outcome. He further adds that its a process of sufficiently reducing uncertainty and doubt about alternatives to allow a reasonable choice to be made from among them. There are various decision making models that have been researched upon and fronted in the academic field. These include but are not restrictedRead MoreThe Simulation Exercise On Foreign Policy Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pageshow to make decisions in the U.S foreign policy. The members of the cabinet are instructed by the president to use one model in their decision making process. The secretaries follow a Bureaucratic Politics model, each Cabinet member instructed to make a particular decision based on his/her organizational agendas. The President is free to follow whatever process he find it appropriate. Several situation updates during the exercise according to the crisis atmosphere of the decision making. In the endRead MoreDecision By Graham Allison978 Words   |  4 Pagespublished The Essences of Decision, in which he suggested three perspectives one might use to analyze a major decision (Nahavandi, Denhardt, Denhardt, Aristigueta, 2015). These three perspectives allow ever y decision to have a potentially different outcome depending on which is used to make the decisions. The rational model, the organizational process model, and the governmental politics model or collaborative models have been used to analyze many different decisions. Out of the three options

Influence of the Internet on Teenagers - 1882 Words

Every person goes through the period of being a teenager which is 13-18 years. This period is often characterized by unstable emotional state and even psychological stresses. During this period young people are shifting from being a child to being an adult person. In addition, a lot of young people try to establish their roles in the society, to understand their feelings and attitudes. This investigation might be accompanied by the feelings of fear, nervousness and vagueness. It is a common knowledge that this period of change is much harder experienced by a female than by a male. The probable reason is the more obvious change in girl’s appearance. That has a negative influence on females’ emotional state of feelings. However, males’†¦show more content†¦The study done by Peter and Valkenburg proves that the exposure to the Internet sexual materials leads to the greater sexual uncertainty and more positive attitudes towards the free sexual exploration (2008). Teenagers feel more comfortable to bring up the conversation regarding the intimate topics online rather than personally with their friends. However, sometimes when they meet in reality with the person they discussed these intimacy-related topics, there is a probability for a trouble to happen, since teenagers are not ready for any intimate issues in real life (Pyle, 2008). â€Å"Online group interactions to exchange intimate experiences and techniques have led to the collective development of new sexual scripts on the Internet† (Ngo, Ratliff, Ross, 2008). A research fellow at the Hoover Institute Mary Eberstadt states that nowadays for teenagers pornography is as cool as cigarettes were in 1950s (Melby, 2010). According to the survey in which 594 students participated, it was found that small children (8-10 years) are not so exposed to the Internet pornography (less than two percent). However, later they are much more exposed to watch the pornography online â€Å"by age 11 (11 percent), age 12 (16 percent) and age 13 (21 percent). The mean age of first exposure was 14.3 for boys and 14.8 for girls† (Melby, 2010). It is found that males having the Internet access experience initiate earlier the oral sex experience that those ones without the Internet access (Kraus,Show MoreRelatedInternet Addiction Essay765 Words   |  4 PagesTeenagers are easily addicted to things which are attractive, entertaining and social. Nowadays a lot of teenagers have their own phone and laptop which is convenient to keep contact with friends and family, but they use it to play video game most frequently and there are lots of violent video game affect adolescences have bad habits, the main reason is they get addicted to the internet. Huge negative effects appear if teenagers get addicted to the internet, including can not live without a cellRead MoreMass Media and Popular Culture1367 Words   |  6 Pages television, books, recording devices, radio and the internet. As time goes on, new and improved technology is developed in the mass media industry for communicating and entertainment purposes. As mass media continues to grow and expand, they developed new and more modern ways of technology. This allowed for more advance ways to communicate and entertain the captive audience. Examples of the new technology that were developed are the internet, digital equipment, video games, and computer games thatRead MoreImpact of Technologies on Teenagers1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Technologies on Teenagers An Assignment Submitted by Name of Student Name of Establishment Class XXXX, Section XXXX, Spring 2013 Nowadays, information technologies play a significant role in the modern world. Information technologies have a long history. Some technologies were created a few years ago, while some technologies are comparatively new. Technologies have penetrated all spheres of human activities: education, politics, trade, medicine, and this list canRead MoreSocial Media And The Negative Effects On Teens1292 Words   |  6 Pagessocial media, they state that, â€Å"†¦95% of all teens ages 12-17 are now online and 80% of those online teens are users of social media sites† (Pew Research Center). With there being over seven billion people in the world, just think about how many teenagers there are. Information from these teens is being transferred all over the world through multiple forms of social media including: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Google+, Snapchat, Pinterest, and hundreds more. When you use social media, you are usingRead MoreEssay on Are Teens too Dependent on Technolog y?1632 Words   |  7 Pagesthe smart phone begging for attention. Does this sound familiar? We, especially teenagers, are familiar with this kind of situation. It is a huge distraction that interrupts everything we do. If so, why does not she just turn her phone off? Why cannot she stop herself from focusing on it? Technology has a significant part in social and educational life of teens and it makes parents and experts think how teenagers become that addicted to technology today. The change in the social life of childrenRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Social Networking on Teenagers1547 Words   |  6 PagesInstagram are used excessively in teenagers’ society. It is a new socialization for them. It is true that the social network is a decent method to communicate with friends. However, social networking has negative effects on teenagers in regard to their academic outcomes, their socialization, and their behavior. First of all, overusing social networking in adolescences has direct impact on academic outcomes. Nowadays, social networking has turn into norm for teenagers. Some teens think that it is necessaryRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Our Society1620 Words   |  7 Pagesof world via Internet technology and to communicate with people from all corners of world. Smart phone are the fast growing technology among all of the new technologies and a huge increase in the capabilities of our electronic devices. Comparing to the past, people used cell phone only for calling and answering from other people, but nowadays the way of using cell phone have been changed. Smart phone is the multi-tasking device that allows people talking, texting, surfing the internet, and using aRead MoreTeenagers And Social Media1081 Words   |  5 PagesIt used to be that when an adult looked at a teenager or a young adult that they would see someone powerless with little to no rights to do what they wanted, but this simply isn’t the case anymore. Teenagers and young adults have major influence in the world today they influence culture, communication, technology and most importantly other teens. More than ever before teens have control over more than their own mind, they get to choose not only what is popular but also where our technology advancesRead MoreThe Digital Self : Through The Looking Glass Of Telecopresent Others974 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet has provided humans a portal into the digital world and this digital world lead to Shanyang Zhao and his analysis: The Digital Self: Through the Looking Glass of Telecopresent Others. Shanyang begins his article by explaining to his readers the rudimentary system of socialization that has taken place prior to the development of the internet: â€Å"the significant others a child interacted with on a daily basis resided primarily in the corporeal copresence†¦ in Western society [it usually consistsRead MoreEssay on The Me dia and Violence in our Society636 Words   |  3 Pageseverywhere around the world. Media does contribute to violence in our society. This essay will prove that media does contribute to violence in our society by examining music, video games and Web Sites. Firstly, one form of violence which influences behaviour in our society is music. This sort of media is a concern to parents who are interested in the development and growth of their children because of the negative and destructive themes of some kinds of music. Let’s take for example the rap

Jails vs. Prisons free essay sample

To start, this paper has been more than challenging for me. Never before has my eyes been more opened to such differences. And to warn you I may have more information than needed, but no surprise there. Here bellow is what I have come up with on the differences between jail systems and prisons systems. There is not a major difference between jail and prison for a common man, but in the eyes of a lawyer two of them are totally different. A common man considers that the two terms are interchangeable or synonyms. Both are the places, in which individuals are physically confined and deprived of a range of personal freedoms. But the fact is that a jail is used for short term stay whereas a prison is for a long term stays. Jail is used by local jurisdictions in countries and cities, whereas prison is administered by the state or federal government. People convicted for a short sentence or trials, detainees, suspicious people under trials are kept under jail. Jail has fewer amenities for its convicts as compared to a prison. It only provides the basic necessities of food, housing and safety to the prisoners. Jails operate camps, vocational trainings and other work release programs for the prisoners. Jails are within the country where the individual is arrested. Typically they are intended to hold persons for less than one year. Whereas the prison is for long term convicts who have been tried and convicted of crime. It is normally located away from the place of arrest. There are few prisons as compared to jails. Prison has a tight security and more amenities for the people. It provides the basic necessities as well as exercise areas, common areas for socializing and educational areas too. The area coverage is also more than the jail. Prison has a specially trained staff and a board of governor to oversee the prison management. A prison is divided on the basis of the type of crime, a person commits and he is placed accordingly, unlike in jail. Prison has work release centers, community restitution centers and other entertainment facilities for the prisoners. This prison system is a type of correction system arranged by the province or a state for the convicts. Although the terms â€Å"jail† and â€Å"prison† are sometimes used interchangeably, most members of law enforcement distinguish between the two. Primarily, the difference is that a jail is used by local jurisdictions such as counties and cities to confine people for short periods of time. A prison, or penitentiary, is administered by the state, and is used to house convicted criminals for periods of much longer duration. Both are part of a larger penal system which includes other aspects of criminal justice such as courts, law enforcement, and crime labs. Because a jail is designed for short time periods only, it tends to have less amenities than a prison. Individuals who are being housed in a jail have access to bathrooms and are provided with food and water, and in a low security jail, they may be able to socialize in common areas during certain periods of the day. Most jails are designed to hold a very small number of criminals, and have relatively lax security when compared to prisons, although in areas prone to violence, a jail may be run along very strict lines. A jail houses people who have been convicted to serve a short sentence, individuals awaiting trial, people who have not yet paid bail, and detainees who have just been picked up on suspicion of committing a crime. The criminals are processed through a booking procedure, and the criminal justice system decides what to do with them after that. Now I also research the differences between the definitions of correctional facilities, and other common names such as Penitentiaries etc. Jail vs. Detention Center Generally, it can be said that jails are smaller facilities that usually belongs to the local (county level) authorities even though there are still jails that are covered by state and federal control. Detention centers, in general, are larger facilities that are often regional to national in scope or coverage. Many say that the term ‘detention center’ is a really broad name that pertains to a facility or place where persons are confined. According to the BOP (Bureau of Prison, U. S. ), a detention center is a place where you confine individuals who are not yet declared convicts but are charged for something. These individuals have not qualified for bail. Nevertheless, if a person will be deemed a threat to others and even a ‘flight risk’ or somebody who might fly away just to escape the charges filed against him or her, then most likely he or she will be held captive inside the detention center prior conviction. Jails can also be described similarly. In the U. S. , detention centers can be a jail, a prison, a concentration camp, an internment camp and many other places where one or a group of people a re detained. These centers are classified as maximum, medium and minimum detention centers. Obviously the maximum security is the place where very violent criminals are housed like those who are sentenced for life imprisonment. Medium security detention centers are for those who’ll serve for middle range sentences. Compared to maximum, the prisoners in here have less criminal background. The minimum detention center, also known as a form of work camp, is meant for those who have offended a policy or law for the very first time. This is the place for those having the shortest sentences. Inmates are much more liberal in the sense that they can work around the expanse of the vicinity with little or no forceful intervention by the center’s security staff. There are many types of detention centers. Some are very large to the point that they are already actual institutions. They can pertain to many subspecialty correctional facilities like the juvenile detention centers for non-adult offenders, the ICE (immigration and Customs Enforcement) detention center for those who reside or come to the U. S. llegally and the (controversial) military detention center for housing prisoners of war, captured spies and the like. Jail vs. Penitentiary There are many crime and police terms that seem to have the same meaning. At first glance, most will immediately wonder what the differences are between the jail, prison, penitentiary and correction facilities; that is if there are any. Many people hear these words often and blindly accept all four as one and the same. Nevertheless, there are really differences between them and discerning a jail from a penitentiary comes first. Jail is probably the mildest detaining room of them all. It is the place where the convict is placed while waiting for his trial. It is also the detention unit for serving sentences that are only for less than one year. Often, those who incur the simplest misdemeanor and violation cases get themselves arrested and eventually land in here. The term penitentiary is where the tricky part comes in. In the old times and even up to this date, the federal prisons were widely accepted or recognized as penitentiaries. Everyone is probably just too concerned about using the most politically correct term that they ended up making the definition of penitentiary closer or the same as that of prison and correction facilities. That’s why nowadays; the term penitentiary is already likened to the said other two terms. A penitentiary is where felons land when they finally serve their seemingly longer sentences or when they are already found guilty. These facilities are primarily maintained by the federal government. It is assumed that every state has one. This is contrary to jails, which are usually maintained by smaller jurisdictions. A county or a city can have several jails for that matter. Being maintained by smaller units of the government, jails are obviously smaller in size that can house only a very limited number of detainees. There are also a very limited number of amenities in a jail, if any. 1. Jail is where the offender will be temporarily detained prior to receiving the final verdict of his case. It is also where offenders of minor crimes are placed. Most detainees are those who will serve detention for less than a year. 2. Penitentiary is a detention unit for more serious type of offenders. It is also a place where reformatory discipline and or punishment is done. 3. Jail is synonymous to shorter detention whereas penitentiary suggests longer detention. 4. Jail is maintained by smaller jurisdiction units like counties and cities while penitentiaries are maintained by the state or the federal government. 5. Jails have fewer amenities and are also smaller in size compared to penitentiaries.

Electricity Systems and Primary Electricity Source

Question: Discuss about the Electricity Systems and Primary Electricity Source. Answer: Introduction: In a solar panel, there are calculators designed in conjunction with a solar panel which is very useful for the calculation of electricity output, playback period and the installed cost. The intelligent interface is designed to be used in the wind turbines give a type possibly way to fathom and comprehend wind energy(Boyle, 2014). This is done in the following ways; the operator needs to approximate probable maximum energy at this location. From the rated power of the turbine and the chance of the wind velocity at a definite position, the lifetime of a wind turbine is about 30 years. Hence the fiscal analysis should be evaluated at this time. This calculator is employed to calculate authentic cash flow graph which aids the operator to achieve payback period and another financial outcome(Michael Grubb, 2014). In geothermal, the design of the calculator gives way to the operator to scrutiny thermal energy. The comparative data of the use of this calculator has three components capacity of GSHP system, normal dwelling size, and average temperature. About local temperature and dwelling size, the operator could approximate the value of yearly heat output and also according to capacity and an actual output; the operator would provide expansion data on the playback period(Thomas B. Johansson, 2015). In biomass calculator, a different type of the fuel can be chosen by the operator, a good proportion of elements in the chosen fuel, present fuel price, and calorific value. These outcomes of the analysis will enable the operator to obtain the annual fuel consumption and cost of the dwelling at specific positions(Tiwari, 2012). For biomass boiler, there are some conditions which need to be selected for the efficiency of the boiler and the layout of the boiler chosen. After comparison of the value of the above renewable sources of electricity, the operator would come with the appropriate one for a given location. Referencing Boyle, G. (2014). Renewable Electricity and the Grid: The Challenge of Variability. LOndon: Earthscan. Michael Grubb, R. V. (2014). Renewable Energy Strategies for Europe: Electricity systems and primary electricity sources, Volume 2. London: Earthscan. Thomas B. Johansson, L. B. (2015). Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels and Electricity. Hull: Island Press. Tiwari, R. K. (2012). Advanced Renewable Energy Sources. Chicago: Royal Society of Chemistry.